Provided by: libmemkind-dev_1.14.0-3build1_amd64 
NAME
memkind - Heap manager that enables allocations to memory with different properties.
This header expose STANDARD and EXPERIMENTAL API. API Standards are described below in this man page.
SYNOPSIS
#include <memkind.h>
Link with -lmemkind
EXPERIMENTAL API:
HEAP MANAGEMENT:
int memkind_posix_memalign(memkind_t kind, void **memptr, size_t alignment, size_t size);
KIND MANAGEMENT:
int memkind_create_kind(memkind_memtype_t memtype_flags, memkind_policy_t policy, memkind_bits_t flags,
memkind_t *kind);
STANDARD API:
ERROR HANDLING:
void memkind_error_message(int err, char *msg, size_t size);
LIBRARY VERSION:
int memkind_get_version();
HEAP MANAGEMENT:
void *memkind_malloc(memkind_t kind, size_t size);
void *memkind_calloc(memkind_t kind, size_t num, size_t size);
void *memkind_realloc(memkind_t kind, void *ptr, size_t size);
void memkind_free(memkind_t kind, void *ptr);
size_t memkind_malloc_usable_size(memkind_t kind, void *ptr);
void *memkind_defrag_reallocate(memkind_t kind, void *ptr);
memkind_t memkind_detect_kind(void *ptr);
KIND CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT:
struct memkind_config *memkind_config_new();
void memkind_config_delete(struct memkind_config *cfg);
void memkind_config_set_path(struct memkind_config *cfg, const char *pmem_dir);
void memkind_config_set_size(struct memkind_config *cfg, size_t pmem_size);
void memkind_config_set_memory_usage_policy(struct memkind_config *cfg, memkind_mem_usage_policy policy);
KIND MANAGEMENT:
int memkind_create_fixed(void *addr, size_t size, memkind_t *kind);
int memkind_create_pmem(const char *dir, size_t max_size, memkind_t *kind);
int memkind_create_pmem_with_config(struct memkind_config *cfg, memkind_t *kind);
int memkind_destroy_kind(memkind_t kind);
int memkind_check_available(memkind_t kind);
ssize_t memkind_get_capacity(memkind_t kind);
int memkind_check_dax_path(const char *pmem_dir);
STATISTICS:
int memkind_update_cached_stats(void);
int memkind_get_stat(memkind_t kind, memkind_stat stat, size_t *value);
int memkind_stats_print(void (*write_cb) (void *, const char *), void *cbopaque, memkind_stat_print_opt
opts);
DECORATORS:
void memkind_malloc_pre(memkind_t *kind, size_t *size);
void memkind_malloc_post(memkind_t kind, size_t size, void **result);
void memkind_calloc_pre(memkind_t *kind, size_t *nmemb, size_t *size);
void memkind_calloc_post(memkind_t kind, size_t nmemb, size_t size, void **result);
void memkind_posix_memalign_pre(memkind_t *kind, void **memptr, size_t *alignment, size_t *size);
void memkind_posix_memalign_post(memkind_t kind, void **memptr, size_t alignment, size_t size, int *err);
void memkind_realloc_pre(memkind_t *kind, void **ptr, size_t *size);
void memkind_realloc_post(memkind_t *kind, void *ptr, size_t size, void **result);
void memkind_free_pre(memkind_t *kind, void **ptr);
void memkind_free_post(memkind_t kind, void *ptr);
ENHANCEMENTS:
int memkind_set_bg_threads(bool state);
DESCRIPTION
memkind_error_message() converts an error number err returned by a member of the memkind interface to an
error message msg where the maximum size of the message is passed by the size parameter.
HEAP MANAGEMENT:
The functions described in this section define a heap manager with an interface modeled on the ISO C
standard API's, except that the user must specify the kind of memory with the first argument to each
function. See the KINDS section below for a full description of the implemented kinds. For file-backed
kind of memory see memkind_create_pmem() or memkind_create_pmem_with_config(). For memory kind created
on user-specified area, please check memkind_create_fixed().
memkind_malloc() allocates size bytes of uninitialized memory of the specified kind. The allocated space
is suitably aligned (after possible pointer coercion) for storage of any type of object. If size is 0,
then memkind_malloc() returns NULL.
memkind_calloc() allocates space for num objects each size bytes in length in memory of the specified
kind. The result is identical to calling memkind_malloc() with an argument of num * size, with the
exception that the allocated memory is explicitly initialized to zero bytes. If num or size is 0, then
memkind_calloc() returns NULL.
memkind_realloc() changes the size of the previously allocated memory referenced by ptr to size bytes of
the specified kind. The contents of the memory remain unchanged up to the lesser of the new and old
sizes. If the new size is larger, the contents of the newly allocated portion of the memory are
undefined. Upon success, the memory referenced by ptr is freed and a pointer to the newly allocated
memory is returned.
Note: memkind_realloc() may move the memory allocation, resulting in a different return value than ptr.
If ptr is NULL, the memkind_realloc() function behaves identically to memkind_malloc() for the specified
size. If size is equal to zero, and ptr is not NULL, then the call is equivalent to memkind_free(kind,
ptr) and NULL is returned. The address ptr, if not NULL, must have been returned by a previous call to
memkind_malloc(), memkind_calloc(), memkind_realloc(), memkind_defrag_reallocate() or
memkind_posix_memalign() with the same kind as specified to the call to memkind_realloc(). Otherwise, if
memkind_free(kind, ptr) was called before, undefined behavior occurs. In cases where the kind is unknown
in the context of the call to memkind_realloc() NULL can be given as the kind specified to
memkind_realloc(), but this will require an internal look up for correct kind. Note: The look up for
kind could result in serious performance penalty, which can be avoided by specifying a correct kind. If
kind is NULL and ptr is NULL, then memkind_realloc() returns NULL and sets errno to EINVAL.
memkind_posix_memalign() allocates size bytes of memory of a specified kind such that the allocation's
base address is an even multiple of alignment, and returns the allocation in the value pointed to by
memptr. The requested alignment must be a power of 2 at least as large as sizeof(void*). If size is 0,
then memkind_posix_memalign() returns 0, with a NULL returned in memptr.
memkind_malloc_usable_size() function provides the same semantics as malloc_usable_size(3), but operates
on specified kind.
Note: In cases where the kind is unknown in the context of the call to memkind_malloc_usable_size() NULL
can be given as the kind specified to memkind_malloc_usable_size(), but this could require a internal
look up for correct kind. memkind_malloc_usable_size() is supported by TBB heap manager described in
ENVIRONMENT section since Intel TBB 2019 Update 4.
memkind_defrag_reallocate() reallocates the object conditionally inside specific kind. Function
determines if it's worthwhile to move allocation to reduce degree of external fragmentation of the heap.
In case of failure function returns NULL, otherwise function returns a pointer to reallocated memory and
memory referenced by ptr was released and should not be accessed. If ptr is NULL, then
memkind_defrag_reallocate() returns NULL. In cases where the kind is unknown in the context of the call
to memkind_defrag_reallocate() NULL can be given as the kind specified to memkind_defrag_reallocate(),
but this will require an internal look up for correct kind. Note: The look up for kind could result in
serious performance penalty, which can be avoided by specifying a correct kind.
memkind_detect_kind() returns the kind associated with allocated memory referenced by ptr. This pointer
must have been returned by a previous call to memkind_malloc(), memkind_calloc(), memkind_realloc(),
memkind_defrag_reallocate() or memkind_posix_memalign(). If ptr is NULL, then memkind_detect_kind()
returns NULL. Note: This function has non-trivial performance overhead.
memkind_free() causes the allocated memory referenced by ptr to be made available for future allocations.
This pointer must have been returned by a previous call to memkind_malloc(), memkind_calloc(),
memkind_realloc(), memkind_defrag_reallocate() or memkind_posix_memalign(). Otherwise, if
memkind_free(kind, ptr) was already called before, undefined behavior occurs. If ptr is NULL, no
operation is performed. In cases where the kind is unknown in the context of the call to memkind_free()
NULL can be given as the kind specified to memkind_free(), but this will require an internal look up for
correct kind. Note: The look up for kind could result in serious performance penalty, which can be
avoided by specifying a correct kind.
KIND CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT:
The functions described in this section define a way to create, delete and update kind specific
configuration. Except of memkind_config_new(), user must specify the memkind configuration with the
first argument to each function. API described here is most useful with file-backed kind of memory, e.g.
memkind_create_pmem_with_config() method.
memkind_config_new() creates the memkind configuration.
memkind_config_delete() deletes previously created memkind configuration, which must have been returned
by a previous call to memkind_config_new().
memkind_config_set_path() updates the memkind pmem_dir configuration parameter, which specifies directory
path, where file-backed kind of memory will be created. Note: This function does not validate that
pmem_dir specifies a valid path.
memkind_config_set_size() updates the memkind pmem_size configuration parameter, which allows to limit
the file-backed kind memory partition. Note: This function does not validate that pmem_size is in valid
range.
memkind_config_set_memory_usage_policy() updates the memkind policy configuration parameter, which allows
to tune up memory utilization. The user should set the value based on the characteristics of application
that is using the library (e.g. prioritize memory usage, CPU utilization), for more details about policy
see the MEMORY USAGE POLICY section below. Note: This function does not validate that policy is in valid
range.
KIND MANAGEMENT:
There are built-in kinds that are always available and these are enumerated in the KINDS section. The
user can also create their own kinds of memory. This section describes the API's that enable the tracking
of the different kinds of memory and determining their properties.
memkind_create_fixed() is a function used to create a kind under user-specified area of memory. The
memory can be allocated in any possible way, e.g. it might be a static array or an mmapped area. User can
specify any properties using functions such as mbind. User is also responsible for de-allocation of
memory after the kind destruction. The memory area must remain valid until fixed_kind is destroyed. The
area starts at address addr and has size size. When heap manager runs out of memory (located under user-
specified area), a call to memkind_malloc() returns NULL and errno is set to ENOMEM.
memkind_create_pmem() is a convenient function used to create a file-backed kind of memory. It allocates
a temporary file in the given directory dir. The file is created in a fashion similar to tmpfile(3), so
that the file name does not appear when the directory is listed and the space is automatically freed when
the program terminates. The file is truncated to a size of max_size bytes and the resulting space is
memory-mapped.
Note that the actual file system space is not allocated immediately, but only on a call to
memkind_pmem_mmap() (see memkind_pmem(3)). This allows to create a pmem memkind of a pretty large size
without the need to reserve in advance the corresponding file system space for the entire heap. If the
value of max_size equals 0, pmem memkind is only limited by the capacity of the file system mounted under
dir argument. The minimum max_size value which allows to limit the size of kind by the library is
defined as MEMKIND_PMEM_MIN_SIZE. Calling memkind_create_pmem() with a size smaller than that and
different than 0 will return an error. The maximum allowed size is not limited by memkind, but by the
file system specified by the dir argument. The max_size passed in is the raw size of the memory pool and
jemalloc will use some of that space for its own metadata. Returns zero if the pmem memkind is created
successfully or an error code from the ERRORS section if not.
memkind_create_pmem_with_config() is a second function used to create a file-backed kind of memory.
Function behaves simillar to memkind_create_pmem() but instead of passing dir and max_size arguments, it
uses config param to specify characteristics of created file-backed kind of memory (see KIND
CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT section).
memkind_create_kind() creates kind that allocates memory with specific memory type, memory binding policy
and flags (see MEMORY FLAGS section). The memtype_flags (see MEMORY TYPES section) determine memory
types to allocate, policy argument is policy for specifying page binding to memory types selected by
memtype_flags. Returns zero if the specified kind is created successfully or an error code from the
ERRORS section if not.
memkind_destroy_kind() destroys previously created kind object, which must have been returned by a
previous call to memkind_create_pmem(), memkind_create_pmem_with_config() or memkind_create_kind().
Otherwise, or if memkind_destroy_kind(kind) was already called before, undefined behavior occurs. Note
that, when the kind was returned by memkind_create_kind() all allocated memory must be freed before kind
is destroyed, otherwise this will cause memory leak. When the kind was returned by memkind_create_pmem()
or memkind_create_pmem_with_config() all allocated memory will be freed after kind will be destroyed.
memkind_check_available() returns zero if the specified kind is available or an error code from the
ERRORS section if it is not.
memkind_get_capacity() returns memory capacity of nodes available to a given kind (file size or
filesystem capacity in case of a file-backed PMEM kind; total area size in the case of fixed-kind) or -1
in case of an error. Supported kinds are: MEMKIND_DEFAULT, MEMKIND_HIGHEST_CAPACITY,
MEMKIND_HIGHEST_CAPACITY_LOCAL, MEMKIND_LOWEST_LATENCY_LOCAL, MEMKIND_HIGHEST_BANDWIDTH_LOCAL,
MEMKIND_HUGETLB, MEMKIND_INTERLEAVE, MEMKIND_HBW, MEMKIND_HBW_ALL, MEMKIND_HBW_INTERLEAVE,
MEMKIND_DAX_KMEM, MEMKIND_DAX_KMEM_ALL, MEMKIND_DAX_KMEM_INTERLEAVE, MEMKIND_REGULAR , file-backed PMEM
and fixed-kind. kind. For MEMKIND_HUGETLB only pages with a default size of 2MB are supported.
memkind_check_dax_path() returns zero if file-backed kind memory is in the specified directory path
pmem_dir can be created with the DAX attribute or an error code from the ERRORS section if it is not.
MEMKIND_PMEM_MIN_SIZE The minimum size which allows to limit the file-backed memory partition.
STATISTICS:
The functions described in this section define a way to get specific memory allocation statistics.
memkind_update_cached_stats() is used to force an update of cached dynamic allocator statistics.
Statistics are not updated real-time by memkind library and this method allows to force its update.
memkind_get_stat() retrieves statistic of the specified type and returns it in value. For more details
about stat see the MEMORY STATISTICS TYPE section below. Measured statistic applies to specific kind,
when NULL is given as kind then statistic applies to memory used by the whole memkind library. Note: You
need to call memkind_update_cached_stats() before calling memkind_get_stat() because statistics are
cached by memkind library.
memkind_stats_print() prints summary statistics. This function wraps jemalloc's function
je_malloc_stats_print(). Uses write_cb function to print the output. While providing custom writer
function, use syscall(2) rather than write(2). Pass NULL in order to use the default write_cb function
which prints the output to the stderr. Use cbopaque parameter in order to pass some data to your write_cb
function. Pass additional options using opts. For more details on opts see the MEMORY STATISTICS PRINT
OPTIONS section below. Returns MEMKIND_ERROR_INVALID when failed to parse options string,
MEMKIND_SUCCESS on success.
DECORATORS:
The memkind library enables the user to define decorator functions that can be called before and after
each memkind heap management API. The decorators that are called at the beginning of the function end are
named after that function with _pre appended to the name and those that are called at the end of the
function are named after that function with _post appended to the name. These are weak symbols and if
they are not present at link time they are not called. The memkind library does not define these symbols
which are reserved for user definition. These decorators can be used to track calls to the heap
management interface or to modify parameters. The decorators that are called at the beginning of the
allocator pass all inputs by reference and the decorators that are called at the end of the allocator
pass the output by reference. This enables the modification of the input and output of each heap
management function by the decorators.
ENHANCEMENTS:
memkind_set_bg_threads() enables/disables internal background worker threads in jemalloc.
LIBRARY VERSION:
The memkind library version scheme consist major, minor and patch numbers separated by dot. Combining
those numbers, we got the following representation:
major.minor.patch, where:
-major number is incremented whenever API is changed (loss of backward compatibility),
-minor number is incremented whenever additional extensions are introduced or behavior has been
changed,
-patch number is incremented whenever small bug fixes are added.
memkind library provide numeric representation of the version by exposing the following API:
memkind_get_version() returns version number represented by a single integer number, obtained from the
formula:
major * 1000000 + minor * 1000 + patch
Note: major < 1 means unstable API.
API standards:
-STANDARD API, API is considered as stable
-NON-STANDARD API, API is considered as stable, however this is not a standard way to use memkind
-EXPERIMENTAL API, API is considered as unstable and the subject to change
RETURN VALUE
memkind_calloc(), memkind_malloc(), memkind_realloc() and memkind_defrag_reallocate() returns the pointer
to the allocated memory or NULL if the request fails. memkind_malloc_usable_size() returns the number of
usable bytes in the block of allocated memory pointed to by ptr, a pointer to a block of memory allocated
by memkind_malloc() or a related function. If ptr is NULL, 0 is returned. memkind_free() and
memkind_error_message() do not have return values. All other memkind API's return 0 upon success and an
error code defined in the ERRORS section upon failure. The memkind library avoids setting errno
directly, but calls to underlying libraries and system calls may set errno (e.g. memkind_create_pmem()).
KINDS
The available kinds of memory:
MEMKIND_DEFAULT
Default allocation using standard memory and default page size.
MEMKIND_HIGHEST_CAPACITY
Allocate from a NUMA node(s) that has the highest capacity among all nodes in the system.
MEMKIND_HIGHEST_CAPACITY_PREFERRED
Same as MEMKIND_HIGHEST_CAPACITY except that if there is not enough memory in the NUMA node that
has the highest capacity in the local domain to satisfy the request, the allocation will fall back
on other memory NUMA nodes. Note: For this kind, the allocation will not succeed if there are two
or more NUMA nodes that have the highest capacity.
MEMKIND_HIGHEST_CAPACITY_LOCAL
Allocate from a NUMA node that has the highest capacity among all NUMA Nodes from the local
domain. NUMA Nodes have the same local domain for a set of CPUs associated with them, e.g. socket
or sub-NUMA cluster. Note: If there are multiple NUMA nodes in the same local domain that have
the highest capacity - allocation will be done from NUMA node with worse latency attribute. This
kind requires locality information described in SYSTEM CONFIGURATION section.
MEMKIND_HIGHEST_CAPACITY_LOCAL_PREFERRED
Same as MEMKIND_HIGHEST_CAPACITY_LOCAL except that if there is not enough memory in the NUMA node
that has the highest capacity to satisfy the request, the allocation will fall back on other
memory NUMA nodes.
MEMKIND_LOWEST_LATENCY_LOCAL
Allocate from a NUMA node that has the lowest latency among all NUMA Nodes from the local domain.
NUMA Nodes have the same local domain for a set of CPUs associated with them, e.g. socket or sub-
NUMA cluster. Note: If there are multiple NUMA nodes in the same local domain that have the
lowest latency - allocation will be done from NUMA node with smaller memory capacity. This kind
requires locality and memory performance characteristics information described in SYSTEM
CONFIGURATION section.
MEMKIND_LOWEST_LATENCY_LOCAL_PREFERRED
Same as MEMKIND_LOWEST_LATENCY_LOCAL except that if there is not enough memory in the NUMA node
that has the lowest latency to satisfy the request, the allocation will fall back on other memory
NUMA nodes.
MEMKIND_HIGHEST_BANDWIDTH_LOCAL
Allocate from a NUMA node that has the highest bandwidth among all NUMA Nodes from the local
domain. NUMA Nodes have the same local domain for a set of CPUs associated with them, e.g. socket
or sub-NUMA cluster. Note: If there are multiple NUMA nodes in the same local domain that have
the highest bandwidth - allocation will be done from NUMA node with smaller memory capacity. This
kind requires locality and memory performance characteristics information described in SYSTEM
CONFIGURATION section.
MEMKIND_HIGHEST_BANDWIDTH_LOCAL_PREFERRED
Same as MEMKIND_HIGHEST_BANDWIDTH_LOCAL except that if there is not enough memory in the NUMA node
that has the highest bandwidth to satisfy the request, the allocation will fall back on other
memory NUMA nodes.
MEMKIND_HUGETLB
Allocate from standard memory using huge pages. Note: This kind requires huge pages configuration
described in SYSTEM CONFIGURATION section.
MEMKIND_GBTLB (DEPRECATED)
Allocate from standard memory using 1GB chunks backed by huge pages. Note: This kind requires
huge pages configuration described in SYSTEM CONFIGURATION section.
MEMKIND_INTERLEAVE
Allocate pages interleaved across all NUMA nodes with transparent huge pages disabled.
MEMKIND_HBW
Allocate from the closest high bandwidth memory NUMA node(s) at the time of allocation. If there
is not enough high bandwidth memory to satisfy the request errno is set to ENOMEM and the
allocated pointer is set to NULL. Note: This kind requires memory performance characteristics
information described in SYSTEM CONFIGURATION section.
MEMKIND_HBW_ALL
Same as MEMKIND_HBW except decision regarding closest NUMA node(s) is postponed until the time of
first write.
MEMKIND_HBW_HUGETLB
Same as MEMKIND_HBW except the allocation is backed by huge pages. Note: This kind requires huge
pages configuration described in SYSTEM CONFIGURATION section.
MEMKIND_HBW_ALL_HUGETLB
Combination of MEMKIND_HBW_ALL and MEMKIND_HBW_HUGETLB properties. Note: This kind requires huge
pages configuration described in SYSTEM CONFIGURATION section.
MEMKIND_HBW_PREFERRED
Same as MEMKIND_HBW except that if there is not enough high bandwidth memory to satisfy the
request, the allocation will fall back on standard memory. Note: For this kind, the allocation
will not succeed if two or more high bandwidth memory NUMA nodes are in the same shortest distance
to the same CPU on which process is eligible to run. Check on that eligibility is done upon
starting the application.
MEMKIND_HBW_PREFERRED_HUGETLB
Same as MEMKIND_HBW_PREFERRED except the allocation is backed by huge pages. Note: This kind
requires huge pages configuration described in SYSTEM CONFIGURATION section.
MEMKIND_HBW_GBTLB (DEPRECATED)
Same as MEMKIND_HBW except the allocation is backed by 1GB chunks of huge pages. Note that size
can take on any value, but full gigabyte pages will allocated for each request, so remainder of
the last page will be wasted. This kind requires huge pages configuration described in SYSTEM
CONFIGURATION section.
MEMKIND_HBW_PREFERRED_GBTLB (DEPRECATED)
Same as MEMKIND_HBW_GBTLB except that if there is not enough high bandwidth memory to satisfy the
request, the allocation will fall back on standard memory. Note: This kind requires huge pages
configuration described in SYSTEM CONFIGURATION section. For this kind, the allocation will not
succeed if two or more high bandwidth memory NUMA nodes are in the same shortest distance to the
same CPU on which process is eligible to run. Check on that eligibility is done upon starting the
application.
MEMKIND_HBW_INTERLEAVE
Same as MEMKIND_HBW except that the pages that support the allocation are interleaved across all
high bandwidth nodes and transparent huge pages are disabled.
MEMKIND_DAX_KMEM
Allocate from the closest persistent memory NUMA node at the time of allocation. If there is not
enough memory in the closest persistent memory NUMA node to satisfy the request errno is set to
ENOMEM and the allocated pointer is set to NULL.
MEMKIND_DAX_KMEM_ALL
Allocate from the closest persistent memory NUMA node available at the time of allocation. If
there is not enough memory on any of persistent memory NUMA nodes to satisfy the request errno is
set to ENOMEM and the allocated pointer is set to NULL.
MEMKIND_DAX_KMEM_PREFERRED
Same as MEMKIND_DAX_KMEM except that if there is not enough memory in the closest persistent
memory NUMA node to satisfy the request, the allocation will fall back on other memory NUMA nodes.
Note: For this kind, the allocation will not succeed if two or more persistent memory NUMA nodes
are in the same shortest distance to the same CPU on which process is eligible to run. Check on
that eligibility is done upon starting the application.
MEMKIND_DAX_KMEM_INTERLEAVE
Same as MEMKIND_DAX_KMEM except that the pages that support the allocation are interleaved across
all persistent memory NUMA nodes.
MEMKIND_REGULAR
Allocate from regular memory using the default page size. Regular means general purpose memory
from the NUMA nodes containing CPUs.
MEMORY TYPES
The available types of memory:
MEMKIND_MEMTYPE_DEFAULT
Standard memory, the same as process uses.
MEMKIND_MEMTYPE_HIGH_BANDWIDTH
High bandwidth memory (HBM). There must be at least two memory types with different bandwidth to
determine which is the HBM.
MEMORY BINDING POLICY
The available types of memory binding policy:
MEMKIND_POLICY_BIND_LOCAL
Allocate local memory. If there is not enough memory to satisfy the request errno is set to ENOMEM
and the allocated pointer is set to NULL.
MEMKIND_POLICY_BIND_ALL
Memory locality is ignored. If there is not enough memory to satisfy the request errno is set to
ENOMEM and the allocated pointer is set to NULL.
MEMKIND_POLICY_PREFERRED_LOCAL
Allocate preferred memory that is local. If there is not enough preferred memory to satisfy the
request or preferred memory is not available, the allocation will fall back on any other memory.
MEMKIND_POLICY_INTERLEAVE_LOCAL
Interleave allocation across local memory. For n memory types the allocation will be interleaved
across all of them.
MEMKIND_POLICY_INTERLEAVE_ALL
Interleave allocation. Locality is ignored. For n memory types the allocation will be interleaved
across all of them.
MEMKIND_POLICY_MAX_VALUE
Max policy value.
MEMORY FLAGS
The available types of memory flags:
MEMKIND_MASK_PAGE_SIZE_2MB
Allocation backed by 2MB page size.
MEMORY USAGE POLICY
The available types of memory usage policy:
MEMKIND_MEM_USAGE_POLICY_DEFAULT
Default memory usage policy.
MEMKIND_MEM_USAGE_POLICY_CONSERVATIVE
Conservative memory usage policy - prioritize memory usage at cost of performance. Note: Memory
usage policies have no effect for TBB heap manager described in ENVIRONMENT section.
MEMORY STATISTICS TYPE
The available types of memory statistics:
MEMKIND_STAT_TYPE_RESIDENT
Maximum number of bytes in physically resident data pages mapped.
MEMKIND_STAT_TYPE_ACTIVE
Total number of bytes in active pages.
MEMKIND_STAT_TYPE_ALLOCATED
Total number of allocated bytes.
MEMORY STATISTICS PRINT OPTIONS
The available options for printing statistics:
MEMKIND_STAT_PRINT_ALL
Print all statistics.
MEMKIND_STAT_PRINT_JSON_FORMAT
Print statistics in JSON format.
MEMKIND_STAT_PRINT_OMIT_GENERAL
Omit general information that never changes during execution.
MEMKIND_STAT_PRINT_OMIT_MERGED_ARENA
Omit merged arena statistics.
MEMKIND_STAT_PRINT_OMIT_DESTROYED_MERGED_ARENA
Omit destroyed merged arena statistics.
MEMKIND_STAT_PRINT_OMIT_PER_ARENA
Omit per arena statistics.
MEMKIND_STAT_PRINT_OMIT_PER_SIZE_CLASS_BINS
Omit per size class statistics for bins.
MEMKIND_STAT_PRINT_OMIT_PER_SIZE_CLASS_LARGE
Omit per size class statistics for large objects.
MEMKIND_STAT_PRINT_OMIT_MUTEX
Omit all mutex statistics.
MEMKIND_STAT_PRINT_OMIT_EXTENT
Omit extent statistics.
ERRORS
memkind_posix_memalign()
returns the one of the POSIX standard error codes EINVAL or ENOMEM as defined in <errno.h> if an
error occurs (these have positive values). If the alignment parameter is not a power of two or is
not a multiple of sizeof(void*), then EINVAL is returned. If there is insufficient memory to
satisfy the request then ENOMEM is returned.
All functions other than memkind_posix_memalign() which have an integer return type return one of the
negative error codes as defined in <memkind.h> and described below.
MEMKIND_ERROR_UNAVAILABLE
Requested memory kind is not available
MEMKIND_ERROR_MBIND
Call to mbind(2) failed
MEMKIND_ERROR_MMAP
Call to mmap(2) failed
MEMKIND_ERROR_MALLOC
Call to jemalloc's malloc() failed
MEMKIND_ERROR_ENVIRON
Error parsing environment variable MEMKIND_*
MEMKIND_ERROR_INVALID
Invalid input arguments to memkind routine
MEMKIND_ERROR_TOOMANY
Error trying to initialize more than maximum MEMKIND_MAX_KIND number of kinds
MEMKIND_ERROR_BADOPS
Error memkind operation structure is missing or invalid
MEMKIND_ERROR_HUGETLB
Unable to allocate huge pages
MEMKIND_ERROR_MEMTYPE_NOT_AVAILABLE
Error requested memory type is not available
MEMKIND_ERROR_OPERATION_FAILED
Error memkind operation failed
MEMKIND_ERROR_ARENAS_CREATE
Call to jemalloc's arenas.create() failed
MEMKIND_ERROR_RUNTIME
Unspecified run-time error
FILES
/usr/bin/memkind-hbw-nodes
Prints a comma-separated list of high bandwidth nodes.
/usr/bin/memkind-auto-dax-kmem-nodes
Prints a comma-separated list of persistent memory NUMA nodes, which are automatically detected.
ENVIRONMENT
MEMKIND_HBW_NODES
This environment variable is a comma-separated list of NUMA nodes that are treated as high
bandwidth. Uses the libnuma routine numa_parse_nodestring() for parsing, so the syntax described
in the numa(3) man page for this routine applies: e.g. 1-3,5 is a valid setting.
MEMKIND_HBW_THRESHOLD
This environment variable is bandwidth in MB/s that is the threshold for identifying high
bandwidth memory. The default threshold is 204800 (200 GB/s), which is used if this variable is
not set. When set, it must be greater than or equal to 0.
MEMKIND_DAX_KMEM_NODES
This environment variable is a comma-separated list of NUMA nodes that are treated as PMEM memory.
Uses the libnuma routine numa_parse_nodestring() for parsing, so the syntax described in the
numa(3) man page for this routine applies: e.g. 1-3,5 is a valid setting.
MEMKIND_ARENA_NUM_PER_KIND
This environment variable allows leveraging internal mechanism of the library for setting number
of arenas per kind. Value should be a positive integer (not greater than INT_MAX defined in
<limits.h>). The user should set the value based on the characteristics of application that is
using the library. Higher value can provide better performance in extremely multithreaded
applications at the cost of memory overhead. See section IMPLEMENTATION NOTES of jemalloc(3) for
more details about arenas.
MEMKIND_HOG_MEMORY
Controls behavior of memkind with regards to returning memory to underlying OS. Setting
MEMKIND_HOG_MEMORY to 1 causes memkind to not release memory to OS in anticipation of memory reuse
soon. This will improve latency of 'free' operations but increase memory usage. Note: For file-
backed kind memory will be released to OS only after calling memkind_destroy_kind(), not after
'free' operations. In context of MEMKIND_MEM_USAGE_POLICY_CONSERVATIVE memory usage policy - it
will also impact memory coalescing and results that blocks pages will be often reused (better
memory usage at cost of performance).
MEMKIND_DEBUG
Controls logging mechanism in memkind. Setting MEMKIND_DEBUG to 1 enables printing messages like
errors and general information about environment to stderr.
MEMKIND_BACKGROUND_THREAD_LIMIT
Enable background worker threads. Value should be from range 0 to maximum number of cpus.
Setting MEMKIND_BACKGROUND_THREAD_LIMIT to specific value will limit maximum number of background
worker threads to this value. 0 means maximum number of background worker threads will be limited
to maximum number of cpus.
MEMKIND_HEAP_MANAGER
Controls heap management behavior in memkind library by switching to one of the available heap
managers.
Values:
JEMALLOC - sets the jemalloc heap manager
TBB - sets the Intel Threading Building Blocks heap manager. This option requires installed
Intel Threading Building Blocks library.
If the MEMKIND_HEAP_MANAGER is not set then the jemalloc heap manager will be used by default.
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Interfaces for obtaining 2MB (HUGETLB) memory need allocated huge pages in the kernel's huge page pool.
HUGETLB (huge pages)
Current number of "persistent" huge pages can be read from /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages file.
Proposed way of setting hugepages is: sudo sysctl vm.nr_hugepages=<number_of_hugepages>. More
information can be found here: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt
Interfaces for obtaining locality information are provided by libhwloc dependency. Functionality based
on locality requires that memkind library is configured and built with the support of libhwloc
(./configure --enable-hwloc).
Interfaces for obtaining memory performance characteristics information are based on HMAT (Heterogeneous
Memory Attribute Table) https://uefi.org/sites/default/files/resources/ACPI_6_3_final_Jan30.pdf
Functionality based on memory performance characteristics requires that platform configuration fully
supports HMAT and memkind library is configured and built with the support of libhwloc (./configure
--enable-hwloc).
Note: For a given target NUMA Node, the OS exposes only the performance characteristics of the best
performing NUMA node.
libhwloc can be reached on: https://www.open-mpi.org/projects/hwloc
STATIC LINKING
When linking statically against memkind, libmemkind.a should be used together with its dependencies
libnuma and pthread. Pthread can be linked by adding /usr/lib64/libpthread.a as a dependency (exact path
may vary). Typically libnuma will need to be compiled from sources to use it as a static dependency.
libnuma can be reached on GitHub: https://github.com/numactl/numactl
KNOWN ISSUES
HUGETLB (huge pages)
There might be some overhead in huge pages consumption caused by heap management. If your
allocation fails because of OOM, please try to allocate extra huge pages (e.g. 8 huge pages).
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2014 - 2021 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
SEE ALSO
malloc(3), malloc_usable_size(3), numa(3), hwloc(3), numactl(8), mbind(2), mmap(2), move_pages(2),
jemalloc(3), memkind_dax_kmem(3), memkind_default(3), memkind_arena(3), memkind_fixed(3), memkind_hbw(3),
memkind_hugetlb(3), memkind_pmem(3), syscall(2), write(2)
Intel Corporation 2015-03-31 MEMKIND(3)