Provided by: libcgi-session-perl_4.48-4build1_all 
NAME
CGI::Session - persistent session data in CGI applications
SYNOPSIS
# Object initialization:
use CGI::Session;
$session = CGI::Session->new();
$CGISESSID = $session->id();
# Send proper HTTP header with cookies:
print $session->header();
# Storing data in the session:
$session->param('f_name', 'Sherzod');
# or
$session->param(-name=>'l_name', -value=>'Ruzmetov');
# Flush the data from memory to the storage driver at least before your
# program finishes since auto-flushing can be unreliable.
$session->flush();
# Retrieving data:
my $f_name = $session->param('f_name');
# or
my $l_name = $session->param(-name=>'l_name');
# Clearing a certain session parameter:
$session->clear(["l_name", "f_name"]);
# Expire '_is_logged_in' flag after 10 idle minutes:
$session->expire('is_logged_in', '+10m')
# Expire the session itself after 1 idle hour:
$session->expire('+1h');
# Delete the session for good:
$session->delete();
$session->flush(); # Recommended practice says use flush() after delete().
DESCRIPTION
CGI::Session provides an easy, reliable and modular session management system across HTTP requests.
METHODS
Following is the overview of all the available methods accessible via CGI::Session object.
new()
new( $sid )
new( $query )
new( $dsn, $query||$sid )
new( $dsn, $query||$sid, \%dsn_args )
new( $dsn, $query||$sid, \%dsn_args, \%session_params )
Constructor. Returns new session object, or undef on failure. Error message is accessible through
errstr() - class method. If called on an already initialized session will re-initialize the session based
on already configured object. This is only useful after a call to load().
Can accept up to three arguments, $dsn - Data Source Name, $query||$sid - query object OR a string
representing session id, and finally, \%dsn_args, arguments used by $dsn components.
If called without any arguments, $dsn defaults to driver:file;serializer:default;id:md5, $query||$sid
defaults to "CGI->new()", and "\%dsn_args" defaults to undef.
If called with a single argument, it will be treated either as $query object, or $sid, depending on its
type. If argument is a string , new() will treat it as session id and will attempt to retrieve the
session from data store. If it fails, will create a new session id, which will be accessible through id()
method. If argument is an object, cookie() and param() methods will be called on that object to recover a
potential $sid and retrieve it from data store. If it fails, new() will create a new session id, which
will be accessible through id() method. name() will define the name of the query parameter and/or cookie
name to be requested, defaults to CGISESSID.
If called with two arguments first will be treated as $dsn, and second will be treated as $query or $sid
or undef, depending on its type. Some examples of this syntax are:
$s = CGI::Session->new("driver:mysql", undef);
$s = CGI::Session->new("driver:sqlite", $sid);
$s = CGI::Session->new("driver:db_file", $query);
$s = CGI::Session->new("serializer:storable;id:incr", $sid);
# etc...
Briefly, new() will return an initialized session object with a valid id, whereas load() may return an
empty session object with an undefined id.
Tests are provided (t/new_with_undef.t and t/load_with_undef.t) to clarify the result of calling new()
and load() with undef, or with an initialized CGI object with an undefined or fake CGISESSID.
You are strongly advised to run the old-fashioned 'make test TEST_FILES=t/new_with_undef.t
TEST_VERBOSE=1' or the new-fangled 'prove -v t/new_with_undef.t', for both new*.t and load*.t, and
examine the output.
Following data source components are supported:
• driver - CGI::Session driver. Available drivers are file, db_file, mysql and sqlite. Third party
drivers are welcome. For driver specs consider CGI::Session::Driver
• serializer - serializer to be used to encode the data structure before saving in the disk. Available
serializers are storable, freezethaw and default. Default serializer will use Data::Dumper.
• id - ID generator to use when new session is to be created. Available ID generator is md5
For example, to get CGI::Session store its data using DB_File and serialize data using FreezeThaw:
$s = CGI::Session->new("driver:DB_File;serializer:FreezeThaw", undef);
If called with three arguments, first two will be treated as in the previous example, and third argument
will be "\%dsn_args", which will be passed to $dsn components (namely, driver, serializer and id
generators) for initialization purposes. Since all the $dsn components must initialize to some default
value, this third argument should not be required for most drivers to operate properly.
If called with four arguments, the first three match previous examples. The fourth argument must be a
hash reference with parameters to be used by the CGI::Session object. (see \%session_params above )
The following is a list of the current keys:
• name - Name to use for the cookie/query parameter name. This defaults to CGISESSID. This can be
altered or accessed by the "name" accessor.
undef is acceptable as a valid placeholder to any of the above arguments, which will force default
behavior.
load()
load( $query||$sid )
load( $dsn, $query||$sid )
load( $dsn, $query, \%dsn_args )
load( $dsn, $query, \%dsn_args, \%session_params )
Accepts the same arguments as new(), and also returns a new session object, or undef on failure. The
difference is, new() can create a new session if it detects expired and non-existing sessions, but load()
does not.
load() is useful to detect expired or non-existing sessions without forcing the library to create new
sessions. So now you can do something like this:
$s = CGI::Session->load() or die CGI::Session->errstr();
if ( $s->is_expired ) {
print $s->header(),
$cgi->start_html(),
$cgi->p("Your session timed out! Refresh the screen to start new session!")
$cgi->end_html();
exit(0);
}
if ( $s->is_empty ) {
$s = $s->new() or die $s->errstr;
}
Notice: All expired sessions are empty, but not all empty sessions are expired!
Briefly, new() will return an initialized session object with a valid id, whereas load() may return an
empty session object with an undefined id.
Tests are provided (t/new_with_undef.t and t/load_with_undef.t) to clarify the result of calling new()
and load() with undef, or with an initialized CGI object with an undefined or fake CGISESSID.
You are strongly advised to run the old-fashioned 'make test TEST_FILES=t/new_with_undef.t
TEST_VERBOSE=1' or the new-fangled 'prove -v t/new_with_undef.t', for both new*.t and load*.t, and
examine the output.
id()
Returns effective ID for a session. Since effective ID and claimed ID can differ, valid session id should
always be retrieved using this method.
param($name)
param(-name=>$name)
Used in either of the above syntax returns a session parameter set to $name or undef if it doesn't exist.
If it's called on a deleted method param() will issue a warning but return value is not defined.
param($name, $value)
param(-name=>$name, -value=>$value)
Used in either of the above syntax assigns a new value to $name parameter, which can later be retrieved
with previously introduced param() syntax. $value may be a scalar, arrayref or hashref.
Attempts to set parameter names that start with _SESSION_ will trigger a warning and undef will be
returned.
param_hashref()
Deprecated. Use dataref() instead.
dataref()
Returns reference to session's data table:
$params = $s->dataref();
$sid = $params->{_SESSION_ID};
$name= $params->{name};
# etc...
Useful for having all session data in a hashref, but too risky to update.
save_param()
save_param($query)
save_param($query, \@list)
Saves query parameters to session object. In other words, it's the same as calling param($name, $value)
for every single query parameter returned by "$query->param()". The first argument, if present, should be
either CGI object or any object which can provide param() method. If it's undef, defaults to the return
value of query(), which returns "CGI->new". If second argument is present and is a reference to an array,
only those query parameters found in the array will be stored in the session. undef is a valid
placeholder for any argument to force default behavior.
load_param()
load_param($query)
load_param($query, \@list)
Loads session parameters into a query object. The first argument, if present, should be query object, or
any other object which can provide param() method. If second argument is present and is a reference to an
array, only parameters found in that array will be loaded to the query object.
clear()
clear('field')
clear(\@list)
Clears parameters from the session object.
With no parameters, all fields are cleared. If passed a single parameter or a reference to an array, only
the named parameters are cleared.
flush()
Synchronizes data in memory with the copy serialized by the driver. Call flush() if you need to access
the session from outside the current session object. You should call flush() sometime before your program
exits.
As a last resort, CGI::Session will automatically call flush for you just before the program terminates
or session object goes out of scope. Automatic flushing has proven to be unreliable, and in some cases is
now required in places that worked with CGI::Session 3.x.
Always explicitly calling flush() on the session before the program exits is recommended. For extra
safety, call it immediately after every important session update.
Also see "A Warning about Auto-flushing"
atime()
Read-only method. Returns the last access time of the session in seconds from epoch. This time is used
internally while auto-expiring sessions and/or session parameters.
ctime()
Read-only method. Returns the time when the session was first created in seconds from epoch.
expire()
expire($time)
expire($param, $time)
Sets expiration interval relative to atime().
If used with no arguments, returns the expiration interval if it was ever set. If no expiration was ever
set, returns undef. For backwards compatibility, a method named etime() does the same thing.
Second form sets an expiration time. This value is checked when previously stored session is asked to be
retrieved, and if its expiration interval has passed, it will be expunged from the disk immediately.
Passing 0 cancels expiration.
By using the third syntax you can set the expiration interval for a particular session parameter, say
~logged-in. This would cause the library call clear() on the parameter when its time is up. Note it only
makes sense to set this value to something earlier than when the whole session expires. Passing 0
cancels expiration.
All the time values should be given in the form of seconds. Following keywords are also supported for
your convenience:
+-----------+---------------+
| alias | meaning |
+-----------+---------------+
| s | Second |
| m | Minute |
| h | Hour |
| d | Day |
| w | Week |
| M | Month |
| y | Year |
+-----------+---------------+
Examples:
$session->expire("2h"); # expires in two hours
$session->expire(0); # cancel expiration
$session->expire("~logged-in", "10m"); # expires '~logged-in' parameter after 10 idle minutes
Note: all the expiration times are relative to session's last access time, not to its creation time. To
expire a session immediately, call delete(). To expire a specific session parameter immediately, call
clear([$name]).
is_new()
Returns true only for a brand new session.
is_expired()
Tests whether session initialized using load() is to be expired. This method works only on sessions
initialized with load():
$s = CGI::Session->load() or die CGI::Session->errstr;
if ( $s->is_expired ) {
die "Your session expired. Please refresh";
}
if ( $s->is_empty ) {
$s = $s->new() or die $s->errstr;
}
is_empty()
Returns true for sessions that are empty. It's preferred way of testing whether requested session was
loaded successfully or not:
$s = CGI::Session->load($sid);
if ( $s->is_empty ) {
$s = $s->new();
}
Actually, the above code is nothing but waste. The same effect could've been achieved by saying:
$s = CGI::Session->new( $sid );
is_empty() is useful only if you wanted to catch requests for expired sessions, and create new session
afterwards. See is_expired() for an example.
ip_match()
Returns true if $ENV{REMOTE_ADDR} matches the remote address stored in the session.
If you have an application where you are sure your users' IPs are constant during a session, you can
consider enabling an option to make this check:
use CGI::Session '-ip_match';
Usually you don't call ip_match() directly, but by using the above method. It is useful only if you want
to call it inside of coderef passed to the find() method.
delete()
Sets the objects status to be "deleted". Subsequent read/write requests on the same object will fail.
To physically delete it from the data store you need to call flush(). CGI::Session attempts to do this
automatically when the object is being destroyed (usually as the script exits), but see "A Warning about
Auto-flushing".
find( \&code )
find( $dsn, \&code )
find( $dsn, \&code, \%dsn_args )
Experimental feature. Executes \&code for every session object stored in disk, passing initialized
CGI::Session object as the first argument of \&code. Useful for housekeeping purposes, such as for
removing expired sessions. Following line, for instance, will remove sessions already expired, but are
still in disk:
The following line, for instance, will remove sessions already expired, but which are still on disk:
CGI::Session->find( sub {} );
Notice, above \&code didn't have to do anything, because load(), which is called to initialize sessions
inside find(), will automatically remove expired sessions. Following example will remove all the objects
that are 10+ days old:
CGI::Session->find( \&purge );
sub purge {
my ($session) = @_;
next if $session->is_empty; # <-- already expired?!
if ( ($session->ctime + 3600*240) <= time() ) {
$session->delete();
$session->flush(); # Recommended practice says use flush() after delete().
}
}
Note: find will not change the modification or access times on the sessions it returns.
Explanation of the 3 parameters to find():
$dsn
This is the DSN (Data Source Name) used by CGI::Session to control what type of sessions you
previously created and what type of sessions you now wish method find() to pass to your callback.
The default value is defined above, in the docs for method new(), and is
'driver:file;serializer:default;id:md5'.
Do not confuse this DSN with the DSN arguments mentioned just below, under \%dsn_args.
\&code
This is the callback provided by you (i.e. the caller of method find()) which is called by
CGI::Session once for each session found by method find() which matches the given $dsn.
There is no default value for this coderef.
When your callback is actually called, the only parameter is a session. If you want to call a
subroutine you already have with more parameters, you can achieve this by creating an anonymous
subroutine that calls your subroutine with the parameters you want. For example:
CGI::Session->find($dsn, sub { my_subroutine( @_, 'param 1', 'param 2' ) } );
CGI::Session->find($dsn, sub { $coderef->( @_, $extra_arg ) } );
Or if you wish, you can define a sub generator as such:
sub coderef_with_args {
my ( $coderef, @params ) = @_;
return sub { $coderef->( @_, @params ) };
}
CGI::Session->find($dsn, coderef_with_args( $coderef, 'param 1', 'param 2' ) );
\%dsn_args
If your $dsn uses file-based storage, then this hashref might contain keys such as:
{
Directory => Value 1,
NoFlock => Value 2,
UMask => Value 3
}
If your $dsn uses db-based storage, then this hashref contains (up to) 3 keys, and looks like:
{
DataSource => Value 1,
User => Value 2,
Password => Value 3
}
These 3 form the DSN, username and password used by DBI to control access to your database server,
and hence are only relevant when using db-based sessions.
The default value of this hashref is undef.
Note: find() is meant to be convenient, not necessarily efficient. It's best suited in cron scripts.
name($new_name)
The $new_name parameter is optional. If supplied it sets the query or cookie parameter name to be used.
It defaults to $CGI::Session::NAME, which defaults to CGISESSID.
You are strongly discouraged from using the global variable $CGI::Session::NAME, since it is deprecated
(as are all global variables) and will be removed in a future version of this module.
Return value: The current query or cookie parameter name.
MISCELLANEOUS METHODS
remote_addr()
Returns the remote address of the user who created the session for the first time. Returns undef if
variable REMOTE_ADDR wasn't present in the environment when the session was created.
errstr()
Class method. Returns last error message from the library.
dump()
Returns a dump of the session object. Useful for debugging purposes only.
header()
A wrapper for "CGI"'s header() method. Calling this method is equivalent to something like this:
$cookie = CGI::Cookie->new(-name=>$session->name, -value=>$session->id);
print $cgi->header(-cookie=>$cookie, @_);
You can minimize the above into:
print $session->header();
It will retrieve the name of the session cookie from "$session-"name()> which defaults to
$CGI::Session::NAME. If you want to use a different name for your session cookie, do something like this
before creating session object:
CGI::Session->name("MY_SID");
$session = CGI::Session->new(undef, $cgi, \%attrs);
Now, $session->header() uses "MY_SID" as the name for the session cookie. For all additional options that
can be passed, see the header() docs in "CGI".
query()
Returns query object associated with current session object. Default query object class is "CGI".
DEPRECATED METHODS
These methods exist solely for for compatibility with CGI::Session 3.x.
close()
Closes the session. Using flush() is recommended instead, since that's exactly what a call to close()
does now.
DISTRIBUTION
CGI::Session consists of several components such as drivers, serializers and id generators. This section
lists what is available.
DRIVERS
The following drivers are included in the standard distribution:
• file - default driver for storing session data in plain files. Full name: CGI::Session::Driver::file
• db_file - for storing session data in BerkelyDB. Requires: DB_File. Full name:
CGI::Session::Driver::db_file
• mysql - for storing session data in MySQL tables. Requires DBI and DBD::mysql. Full name:
CGI::Session::Driver::mysql
• sqlite - for storing session data in SQLite. Requires DBI and DBD::SQLite. Full name:
CGI::Session::Driver::sqlite
Other drivers are available from CPAN.
SERIALIZERS
• default - default data serializer. Uses standard Data::Dumper. Full name:
CGI::Session::Serialize::default.
• storable - serializes data using Storable. Requires Storable. Full name:
CGI::Session::Serialize::storable.
• freezethaw - serializes data using FreezeThaw. Requires FreezeThaw. Full name:
CGI::Session::Serialize::freezethaw
• yaml - serializes data using YAML. Requires YAML or YAML::Syck. Full name:
CGI::Session::Serialize::yaml
ID GENERATORS
The following ID generators are included in the standard distribution.
• md5 - generates 32 character long hexadecimal string. Requires Digest::MD5. Full name:
CGI::Session::ID::md5.
• incr - generates incremental session ids.
• static - generates static session ids. CGI::Session::ID::static
A Warning about Auto-flushing
Auto-flushing can be unreliable for the following reasons. Explicit flushing after key session updates is
recommended.
If the "DBI" handle goes out of scope before the session variable
For database-stored sessions, if the "DBI" handle has gone out of scope before the auto-flushing
happens, auto-flushing will fail.
Circular references
If the calling code contains a circular reference, it's possible that your "CGI::Session" object will
not be destroyed until it is too late for auto-flushing to work. You can find circular references
with a tool like Devel::Cycle.
In particular, these modules are known to contain circular references which lead to this problem:
CGI::Application::Plugin::DebugScreen V 0.06
CGI::Application::Plugin::ErrorPage before version 1.20
Signal handlers
If your application may receive signals, there is an increased chance that the signal will arrive
after the session was updated but before it is auto-flushed at object destruction time.
A Warning about UTF8
You are strongly encouraged to refer to, at least, the first of these articles, for help with UTF8.
<http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Perl_Programming/Unicode_UTF-8>
<http://perl.bristolbath.org/blog/lyle/2008/12/giving-cgiapplication-internationalization-i18n.html>
<http://metsankulma.homelinux.net/cgi-bin/l10n_example_4/main.cgi>
<http://rassie.org/archives/247>
<http://www.di-mgt.com.au/cryptoInternational2.html>
Briefly, these are the issues:
The file containing the source code of your program
Consider "use utf8;" or "use encoding 'utf8';".
Influencing the encoding of the program's input
Use:
binmode STDIN, ":encoding(utf8)";.
Of course, the program can get input from other sources, e.g. HTML template files, not just STDIN.
Influencing the encoding of the program's output
Use:
binmode STDOUT, ":encoding(utf8)";
When using CGI.pm, you can use $q->charset('UTF-8'). This is the same as passing 'UTF-8' to CGI's C<header()> method.
Alternately, when using CGI::Session, you can use $session->header(charset => 'utf-8'), which will be
passed to the query object's C<header()> method. Clearly this is preferable when the query object might not be
of type CGI.
See L</header()> for a fuller discussion of the use of the C<header()> method in conjunction with cookies.
TRANSLATIONS
This document is also available in Japanese.
o Translation based on 4.14: http://digit.que.ne.jp/work/index.cgi?Perldoc/ja
o Translation based on 3.11, including Cookbook and Tutorial:
http://perldoc.jp/docs/modules/CGI-Session-3.11/
CREDITS
CGI::Session evolved to what it is today with the help of following developers. The list doesn't follow
any strict order, but somewhat chronological. Specifics can be found in Changes file
Andy Lester
Brian King <mrbbking@mac.com>
Olivier Dragon <dragon@shadnet.shad.ca>
Adam Jacob <adam@sysadminsith.org>
Igor Plisco <igor@plisco.ru>
Mark Stosberg
Matt LeBlanc <mleblanc@cpan.org>
Shawn Sorichetti
Ron Savage
Rhesa Rozendaal
He suggested Devel::Cycle to help debugging.
Also, many people on the CGI::Application and CGI::Session mailing lists have contributed ideas and
suggestions, and battled publicly with bugs, all of which has helped.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2001-2005 Sherzod Ruzmetov <sherzodr@cpan.org>. All rights reserved. This library is free
software. You can modify and or distribute it under the same terms as Perl itself.
PUBLIC CODE REPOSITORY
You can see what the developers have been up to since the last release by checking out the code
repository. You can browse the git repository from here:
http://github.com/cromedome/cgi-session/tree/master
Or check out the code with:
git clone git://github.com/cromedome/cgi-session.git
SUPPORT
If you need help using CGI::Session, ask on the mailing list. You can ask the list by sending your
questions to cgi-session-user@lists.sourceforge.net .
You can subscribe to the mailing list at https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/cgi-session-user .
Bug reports can be submitted at http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/ReportBug.html?Queue=CGI-Session
AUTHOR
Sherzod Ruzmetov "sherzodr@cpan.org"
Mark Stosberg became a co-maintainer during the development of 4.0. "markstos@cpan.org".
Ron Savage became a co-maintainer during the development of 4.30. "rsavage@cpan.org".
If you would like support, ask on the mailing list as describe above. The maintainers and other users are
subscribed to it.
SEE ALSO
To learn more both about the philosophy and CGI::Session programming style, consider the following:
• CGI::Session::Tutorial - extended CGI::Session manual. Also includes library architecture and driver
specifications.
• We also provide mailing lists for CGI::Session users. To subscribe to the list or browse the archives
visit https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/cgi-session-user
• RFC 2109 - The primary spec for cookie handing in use, defining the "Cookie:" and "Set-Cookie:" HTTP
headers. Available at <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2109.txt>. A newer spec, RFC 2965 is meant to
obsolete it with "Set-Cookie2" and "Cookie2" headers, but even of 2008, the newer spec is not widely
supported. See <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2965.txt>
• Apache::Session - an alternative to CGI::Session.
perl v5.40.1 2025-02-18 CGI::Session(3pm)