Ubuntu Manpage: mtree — map a directory hierarchy

Provided by: mtree-netbsd_20180822-8_amd64

NAME

       mtree — map a directory hierarchy

SYNOPSIS

       mtree [-cCdDelLMPruUWx] [-i | -m] [-f spec] [-p path] [-k keywords] [-K keywords] [-R keywords] [-E tags]
             [-I tags] [-N dbdir] [-s seed] [-X exclude-file]

DESCRIPTION

The mtree utility compares the file hierarchy rooted in the current directory against a specification
read from the standard input. Messages are written to the standard output for any files whose
characteristics do not match the specification, or which are missing from either the file hierarchy or
the specification.

The options are as follows:

-c Print a specification for the file hierarchy to the standard output.

-d Ignore everything except directory type files.

-C Print (‘dump’) the specification as provided by -f spec in a format that's easier to parse with
various tools. The full path name is always printed as the first field, and -k, -K, and -R can be
used to control which other keywords are printed, and -E and -I can be used to control which files
are printed.

-D As per -C, except that the path name is always printed as the last field instead of the first.

-E tags
Add the comma separated tags to the “exclusion” list. Non-directories with tags which are in the
exclusion list are not printed with -D.

-e Don't complain about files that are in the file hierarchy, but not in the specification.

-f spec
Read the specification from file, instead of from the standard input.

-I tags
Add the comma separated tags to the “inclusion” list. Non-directories with tags which are in the
inclusion list are printed with -D. If no inclusion list is provided, the default is to display
all files.

-i If specified, set the schg and/or sappnd flags.

-K keywords
Add the specified (whitespace or comma separated) keywords to the current set of keywords. If
‘all’ is specified, add all of the other keywords.

-k keywords
Use the type keyword plus the specified (whitespace or comma separated) keywords instead of the
current set of keywords. If ‘all’ is specified, use all of the other keywords. If the type
keyword is not desired, suppress it with -R type.

-l Do “loose” permissions checks, in which more stringent permissions will match less stringent ones.
For example, a file marked mode 0444 will pass a check for mode 0644. “Loose” checks apply only to
read, write and execute permissions -- in particular, if other bits like the sticky bit or
suid/sgid bits are set either in the specification or the file, exact checking will be performed.
This flag may not be set at the same time as the -u or -U flags.

-L Follow all symbolic links in the file hierarchy.

-m If the schg and/or sappnd flags are specified, reset these flags. Note that this is only possible
with securelevel less than 1 (i.e. in single user mode or while the system is running in insecure
mode). See init(8) for information on security levels.

-M Permit merging of specification entries with different types, with the last entry take precedence.

-N dbdir
Use the user database text file master.passwd and group database text file group from dbdir, rather
than using the results from the system's getpwnam(3) and getgrnam(3) (and related) library calls.

-p path
Use the file hierarchy rooted in path, instead of the current directory.

-P Don't follow symbolic links in the file hierarchy, instead consider the symbolic link itself in any
comparisons. This is the default.

-r Remove any files in the file hierarchy that are not described in the specification.

-R keywords
Remove the specified (whitespace or comma separated) keywords from the current set of keywords. If
‘all’ is specified, remove all of the other keywords.

-s seed
Display a single checksum to the standard error output that represents all of the files for which
the keyword cksum was specified. The checksum is seeded with the specified value.

-u Modify the owner, group, permissions, and flags of existing files, the device type of devices, and
symbolic link targets, to match the specification. Create any missing directories, devices or
symbolic links. User, group, and permissions must all be specified for missing directories to be
created. Note that unless the -i option is given, the schg and sappnd flags will not be set, even
if specified. If -m is given, these flags will be reset. Exit with a status of 0 on success, 2 if
the file hierarchy did not match the specification, and 1 if any other error occurred.

-U Same as -u except that a mismatch is not considered to be an error if it was corrected.

-W Don't attempt to set various file attributes such as the ownership, mode, flags, or time when
creating new directories or changing existing entries. This option will be most useful when used
in conjunction with -u or -U.

-x Don't descend below mount points in the file hierarchy.

-X exclude-file
The specified file contains fnmatch(3) patterns matching files to be excluded from the
specification, one to a line. If the pattern contains a ‘/’ character, it will be matched against
entire pathnames (relative to the starting directory); otherwise, it will be matched against
basenames only. Comments are permitted in the exclude-list file.

Specifications are mostly composed of “keywords”, i.e. strings that that specify values relating to
files. No keywords have default values, and if a keyword has no value set, no checks based on it are
performed.

Currently supported keywords are as follows:

cksum The checksum of the file using the default algorithm specified by the cksum(1) utility.

device The device number to use for block or char file types. The argument must be one of the following
forms:

format,major,minor
A device with major and minor fields, for an operating system specified with format. See
below for valid formats.

format,major,unit,subunit
A device with major, unit, and subunit fields, for an operating system specified with
format. (Currently this is only supported by the bsdos format.)

number
Opaque number (as stored on the file system).

The following values for format are recognized: native, 386bsd, 4bsd, bsdos, freebsd, hpux, isc,
linux, netbsd, osf1, sco, solaris, sunos, svr3, svr4, and ultrix.

See mknod(8) for more details.

flags The file flags as a symbolic name. See chflags(1) for information on these names. If no flags
are to be set the string ‘none’ may be used to override the current default. Note that the schg
and sappnd flags are treated specially (see the -i and -m options).

ignore Ignore any file hierarchy below this file.

gid The file group as a numeric value.

gname The file group as a symbolic name.

link The file the symbolic link is expected to reference.

md5 The MD5 cryptographic message digest of the file.

md5digest
Synonym for md5.

mode The current file's permissions as a numeric (octal) or symbolic value.

nlink The number of hard links the file is expected to have.

optional
The file is optional; don't complain about the file if it's not in the file hierarchy.

rmd160 The RMD-160 cryptographic message digest of the file.

rmd160digest
Synonym for rmd160.

sha1 The SHA-1 cryptographic message digest of the file.

sha1digest
Synonym for sha1.

sha256 The 256-bits SHA-2 cryptographic message digest of the file.

sha256digest
Synonym for sha256.

sha384 The 384-bits SHA-2 cryptographic message digest of the file.

sha384digest
Synonym for sha384.

sha512 The 512-bits SHA-2 cryptographic message digest of the file.

sha512digest
Synonym for sha512.

size The size, in bytes, of the file.

tags Comma delimited tags to be matched with -E and -I. These may be specified without leading or
trailing commas, but will be stored internally with them.

time The last modification time of the file.

type The type of the file; may be set to any one of the following:

block block special device
char character special device
dir directory
fifo fifo
file regular file
link symbolic link
socket socket

uid The file owner as a numeric value.

uname The file owner as a symbolic name.

The default set of keywords are flags, gid, link, mode, nlink, size, time, type, and uid.

There are four types of lines in a specification:

1. Set global values for a keyword. This consists of the string ‘/set’ followed by whitespace,
followed by sets of keyword/value pairs, separated by whitespace. Keyword/value pairs consist of a
keyword, followed by an equals sign (‘=’), followed by a value, without whitespace characters. Once
a keyword has been set, its value remains unchanged until either reset or unset.

2. Unset global values for a keyword. This consists of the string ‘/unset’, followed by whitespace,
followed by one or more keywords, separated by whitespace. If ‘all’ is specified, unset all of the
keywords.

3. A file specification, consisting of a path name, followed by whitespace, followed by zero or more
whitespace separated keyword/value pairs.

The path name may be preceded by whitespace characters. The path name may contain any of the
standard path name matching characters (‘[’, ‘]’, ‘?’ or ‘*’), in which case files in the hierarchy
will be associated with the first pattern that they match. mtree uses strsvis(3) (in VIS_CSTYLE
format) to encode path names containing non-printable characters. Whitespace characters are encoded
as ‘\s’ (space), ‘\t’ (tab), and ‘\n’ (new line). ‘#’ characters in path names are escaped by a
preceding backslash ‘\’ to distinguish them from comments.

Each of the keyword/value pairs consist of a keyword, followed by an equals sign (‘=’), followed by
the keyword's value, without whitespace characters. These values override, without changing, the
global value of the corresponding keyword.

The first path name entry listed must be a directory named ‘.’, as this ensures that intermixing
full and relative path names will work consistently and correctly. Multiple entries for a directory
named ‘.’ are permitted; the settings for the last such entry override those of the existing entry.

A path name that contains a slash (‘/’) that is not the first character will be treated as a full
path (relative to the root of the tree). All parent directories referenced in the path name must
exist. The current directory path used by relative path names will be updated appropriately.
Multiple entries for the same full path are permitted if the types are the same (unless -M is given,
and then the types may differ); in this case the settings for the last entry take precedence.

A path name that does not contain a slash will be treated as a relative path. Specifying a
directory will cause subsequent files to be searched for in that directory hierarchy.

4. A line containing only the string ‘..’ which causes the current directory path (used by relative
paths) to ascend one level.

Empty lines and lines whose first non-whitespace character is a hash mark (‘#’) are ignored.

The mtree utility exits with a status of 0 on success, 1 if any error occurred, and 2 if the file
hierarchy did not match the specification.

FILES

       /etc/mtree  system specification directory

EXAMPLES

       To detect system binaries that have been “trojan horsed”, it is recommended that mtree be run on the file
       systems, and a copy of the results stored on a different machine, or, at least, in encrypted  form.   The
       seed for the -s option should not be an obvious value and the final checksum should not be stored on-line
       under  any circumstances!  Then, periodically, mtree should be run against the on-line specifications and
       the final checksum compared with the previous value.  While it is possible for the bad guys to change the
       on-line specifications to conform to their modified binaries, it shouldn't be possible for them  to  make
       it  produce  the  same final checksum value.  If the final checksum value changes, the off-line copies of
       the specification can be used to detect which of the binaries have actually been modified.

       The -d and -u options can be used in combination to create directory hierarchies  for  distributions  and
       other such things.

HISTORY