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PROLOG
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of this interface
may differ (consult the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface
may not be implemented on Linux.
NAME
getcwd — get the pathname of the current working directory
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
char *getcwd(char *buf, size_t size);
DESCRIPTION
The getcwd() function shall place an absolute pathname of the current working directory in the array
pointed to by buf, and return buf. The pathname shall contain no components that are dot or dot-dot, or
are symbolic links.
If there are multiple pathnames that getcwd() could place in the array pointed to by buf, one beginning
with a single <slash> character and one or more beginning with two <slash> characters, then getcwd()
shall place the pathname beginning with a single <slash> character in the array. The pathname shall not
contain any unnecessary <slash> characters after the leading one or two <slash> characters.
The size argument is the size in bytes of the character array pointed to by the buf argument. If buf is a
null pointer, the behavior of getcwd() is unspecified.
RETURN VALUE
Upon successful completion, getcwd() shall return the buf argument. Otherwise, getcwd() shall return a
null pointer and set errno to indicate the error. The contents of the array pointed to by buf are then
undefined.
ERRORS
The getcwd() function shall fail if:
EINVAL The size argument is 0.
ERANGE The size argument is greater than 0, but is smaller than the length of the string +1.
The getcwd() function may fail if:
EACCES Search permission was denied for the current directory, or read or search permission was denied
for a directory above the current directory in the file hierarchy.
ENOMEM Insufficient storage space is available.
The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
The following example uses {PATH_MAX} as the initial buffer size (unless it is indeterminate or very
large), and calls getcwd() with progressively larger buffers until it does not give an [ERANGE] error.
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
...
long path_max;
size_t size;
char *buf;
char *ptr;
path_max = pathconf(".", _PC_PATH_MAX);
if (path_max == -1)
size = 1024;
else if (path_max > 10240)
size = 10240;
else
size = path_max;
for (buf = ptr = NULL; ptr == NULL; size *= 2)
{
if ((buf = realloc(buf, size)) == NULL)
{
... handle error ...
}
ptr = getcwd(buf, size);
if (ptr == NULL && errno != ERANGE)
{
... handle error ...
}
}
...
free (buf);
APPLICATION USAGE
If the pathname obtained from getcwd() is longer than {PATH_MAX} bytes, it could produce an
[ENAMETOOLONG] error if passed to chdir(). Therefore, in order to return to that directory it may be
necessary to break the pathname into sections shorter than {PATH_MAX} bytes and call chdir() on each
section in turn (the first section being an absolute pathname and subsequent sections being relative
pathnames). A simpler way to handle saving and restoring the working directory when it may be deeper than
{PATH_MAX} bytes in the file hierarchy is to use a file descriptor and fchdir(), rather than getcwd() and
chdir(). However, the two methods do have some differences. The fchdir() approach causes the program to
restore a working directory even if it has been renamed in the meantime, whereas the chdir() approach
restores to a directory with the same name as the original, even if the directories were renamed in the
meantime. Since the fchdir() approach does not access parent directories, it can succeed when getcwd()
would fail due to permissions problems. In applications conforming to earlier versions of this standard,
it was not possible to use the fchdir() approach when the working directory is searchable but not
readable, as the only way to open a directory was with O_RDONLY, whereas the getcwd() approach can
succeed in this case.
RATIONALE
Having getcwd() take no arguments and instead use the malloc() function to produce space for the returned
argument was considered. The advantage is that getcwd() knows how big the working directory pathname is
and can allocate an appropriate amount of space. But the programmer would have to use the free() function
to free the resulting object, or each use of getcwd() would further reduce the available memory. Finally,
getcwd() is taken from the SVID where it has the two arguments used in this volume of POSIX.1‐2017.
The older function getwd() was rejected for use in this context because it had only a buffer argument and
no size argument, and thus had no way to prevent overwriting the buffer, except to depend on the
programmer to provide a large enough buffer.
On some implementations, if buf is a null pointer, getcwd() may obtain size bytes of memory using
malloc(). In this case, the pointer returned by getcwd() may be used as the argument in a subsequent
call to free(). Invoking getcwd() with buf as a null pointer is not recommended in conforming
applications.
Earlier implementations of getcwd() sometimes generated pathnames like "../../../subdirname" internally,
using them to explore the path of ancestor directories back to the root. If one of these internal
pathnames exceeded {PATH_MAX} in length, the implementation could fail with errno set to [ENAMETOOLONG].
This is no longer allowed.
If a program is operating in a directory where some (grand)parent directory does not permit reading,
getcwd() may fail, as in most implementations it must read the directory to determine the name of the
file. This can occur if search, but not read, permission is granted in an intermediate directory, or if
the program is placed in that directory by some more privileged process (for example, login). Including
the [EACCES] error condition makes the reporting of the error consistent and warns the application
developer that getcwd() can fail for reasons beyond the control of the application developer or user.
Some implementations can avoid this occurrence (for example, by implementing getcwd() using pwd, where
pwd is a set-user-root process), thus the error was made optional. Since this volume of POSIX.1‐2017
permits the addition of other errors, this would be a common addition and yet one that applications could
not be expected to deal with without this addition.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
malloc()
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, <unistd.h>
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard
for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition, Copyright (C) 2018 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original
IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document.
The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have been introduced
during the conversion of the source files to man page format. To report such errors, see
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .
IEEE/The Open Group 2017 GETCWD(3POSIX)