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NAME
diameter - Main API of the diameter application.
DESCRIPTION
This module provides the interface with which a user can implement a Diameter node that sends and
receives messages using the Diameter protocol as defined in RFC 6733.
Basic usage consists of creating a representation of a locally implemented Diameter node and its
capabilities with start_service/2, adding transport capability using add_transport/2 and sending Diameter
requests and receiving Diameter answers with call/4. Incoming Diameter requests are communicated as
callbacks to a diameter_app(3erl) callback modules as specified in the service configuration.
Beware the difference between diameter (not capitalized) and Diameter (capitalized). The former refers to
the Erlang application named diameter whose main api is defined here, the latter to Diameter protocol in
the sense of RFC 6733.
The diameter application must be started before calling most functions in this module.
DATA TYPES
Address():
DiameterIdentity():
Grouped():
OctetString():
Time():
Unsigned32():
UTF8String():
Types corresponding to RFC 6733 AVP Data Formats. Defined in diameter_dict(5).
application_alias() = term():
Name identifying a Diameter application in service configuration. Passed to call/4 when sending
requests defined by the application.
application_module() = Mod | [Mod | ExtraArgs] | #diameter_callback{}:
Mod = atom()
ExtraArgs = list()
Module implementing the callback interface defined in diameter_app(3erl), along with any extra
arguments to be appended to those documented. Note that extra arguments specific to an outgoing
request can be specified to call/4, in which case those are appended to any module-specific extra
arguments.
Specifying a #diameter_callback{} record allows individual functions to be configured in place of the
usual diameter_app(3erl) callbacks. See diameter_callback.erl for details.
application_opt():
Options defining a Diameter application. Has one of the following types.
{alias, application_alias()}:
Unique identifier for the application in the scope of the service. Defaults to the value of the
dictionary option.
{dictionary, atom()}:
Name of an encode/decode module for the Diameter messages defined by the application. These modules
are generated from files whose format is documented in diameter_dict(5).
{module, application_module()}:
Callback module in which messages of the Diameter application are handled. See diameter_app(3erl)
for the required interface and semantics.
{state, term()}:
Initial callback state. The prevailing state is passed to some diameter_app(3erl) callbacks, which
can then return a new state. Defaults to the value of the alias option.
{call_mutates_state, true|false}:
Whether or not the pick_peer/4 application callback can modify the application state. Defaults to
false.
Warning:
pick_peer/4 callbacks are serialized when this option is true, which is a potential performance
bottleneck. A simple Diameter client may suffer no ill effects from using mutable state but a server
or agent that responds to incoming request should probably avoid it.
{answer_errors, callback|report|discard}:
Manner in which incoming answer messages containing decode errors are handled.
If callback then errors result in a handle_answer/4 callback in the same fashion as for
handle_request/3, with errors communicated in the errors field of the #diameter_packet{} passed to
the callback. If report then an answer containing errors is discarded without a callback and a
warning report is written to the log. If discard then an answer containing errors is silently
discarded without a callback. In both the report and discard cases the return value for the call/4
invocation in question is as if a callback had taken place and returned {error, failure}.
Defaults to discard.
{request_errors, answer_3xxx|answer|callback}:
Manner in which incoming requests are handled when an error other than 3007
(DIAMETER_APPLICATION_UNSUPPORTED, which cannot be associated with an application callback module),
is detected.
If answer_3xxx then requests are answered without a handle_request/3 callback taking place. If
answer then even 5xxx errors are answered without a callback unless the connection in question has
configured the RFC 3588 common dictionary as noted below. If callback then a handle_request/3
callback always takes place and its return value determines the answer sent to the peer, if any.
Defaults to answer_3xxx.
Note:
Answers sent by diameter set the E-bit in the Diameter Header. Since RFC 3588 allows only 3xxx result
codes in an answer-message, answer has the same semantics as answer_3xxx when the transport in
question has been configured with diameter_gen_base_rfc3588 as its common dictionary. Since RFC 6733
allows both 3xxx and 5xxx result codes in an answer-message, a transport with
diameter_gen_base_rfc6733 as its common dictionary does distinguish between answer_3xxx and answer.
call_opt():
Options available to call/4 when sending an outgoing Diameter request. Has one of the following
types.
{extra, list()}:
Extra arguments to append to callbacks to the callback module in question. These are appended to
any extra arguments configured on the callback itself. Multiple options append to the argument
list.
{filter, peer_filter()}:
Filter to apply to the list of available peers before passing it to the pick_peer/4 callback for
the application in question. Multiple options are equivalent a single all filter on the
corresponding list of filters. Defaults to none.
{peer, diameter_app:peer_ref()}:
Peer to which the request in question can be sent, preempting the selection of peers having
advertised support for the Diameter application in question. Multiple options can be specified, and
their order is respected in the candidate lists passed to a subsequent pick_peer/4 callback.
{timeout, Unsigned32()}:
Number of milliseconds after which the request should timeout. Defaults to 5000.
detach:
Cause call/4 to return ok as soon as the request in question has been encoded, instead of waiting
for and returning the result from a subsequent handle_answer/4 or handle_error/4 callback.
An invalid option will cause call/4 to fail.
capability():
AVP values sent in outgoing CER or CEA messages during capabilities exchange. Can be configured both
on a service and a transport, values on the latter taking precedence. Has one of the following types.
{'Origin-Host', DiameterIdentity()}:
{'Origin-Realm', DiameterIdentity()}:
{'Host-IP-Address', [Address()]}:
An address list is available to the start function of a transport module, which can return a new
list for use in the subsequent CER or CEA. Host-IP-Address need not be specified if the transport
module in question communicates an address list as described in diameter_transport(3erl)
{'Vendor-Id', Unsigned32()}:
{'Product-Name', UTF8String()}:
{'Origin-State-Id', Unsigned32()}:
Origin-State-Id is optional but, if configured, will be included in outgoing CER/CEA and DWR/DWA
messages. Setting a value of 0 (zero) is equivalent to not setting a value, as documented in RFC
6733. The function origin_state_id/0 can be used as to retrieve a value that is computed when the
diameter application is started.
{'Supported-Vendor-Id', [Unsigned32()]}:
{'Auth-Application-Id', [Unsigned32()]}:
{'Inband-Security-Id', [Unsigned32()]}:
Inband-Security-Id defaults to the empty list, which is equivalent to a list containing only 0
(NO_INBAND_SECURITY). If 1 (TLS) is specified then TLS is selected if the CER/CEA received from the
peer offers it.
{'Acct-Application-Id', [Unsigned32()]}:
{'Vendor-Specific-Application-Id', [Grouped()]}:
{'Firmware-Revision', Unsigned32()}:
Note that each tuple communicates one or more AVP values. It is an error to specify duplicate tuples.
eval() = {M,F,A} | fun() | [eval() | A]:
An expression that can be evaluated as a function in the following sense.
eval([{M,F,A} | T]) ->
apply(M, F, T ++ A);
eval([[F|A] | T]) ->
eval([F | T ++ A]);
eval([F|A]) ->
apply(F, A);
eval(F) ->
eval([F]).
Applying an eval() E to an argument list A is meant in the sense of eval([E|A]).
Warning:
Beware of using fun expressions of the form fun Name/Arity in situations in which the fun is not short-
lived and code is to be upgraded at runtime since any processes retaining such a fun will have a
reference to old code. In particular, such a value is typically inappropriate in configuration passed
to start_service/2 or add_transport/2.
peer_filter() = term():
Filter passed to call/4 in order to select candidate peers for a pick_peer/4 callback. Has one of the
following types.
none:
Matches any peer. This is a convenience that provides a filter equivalent to no filter.
host:
Matches only those peers whose Origin-Host has the same value as Destination-Host in the outgoing
request in question, or any peer if the request does not contain a Destination-Host AVP.
realm:
Matches only those peers whose Origin-Realm has the same value as Destination-Realm in the outgoing
request in question, or any peer if the request does not contain a Destination-Realm AVP.
{host, any|DiameterIdentity()}:
Matches only those peers whose Origin-Host has the specified value, or all peers if the atom any.
{realm, any|DiameterIdentity()}:
Matches only those peers whose Origin-Realm has the specified value, or all peers if the atom any.
{eval, eval()}:
Matches only those peers for which the specified eval() returns true when applied to the
connection's diameter_caps record. Any other return value or exception is equivalent to false.
{neg, peer_filter()}:
Matches only those peers not matched by the specified filter.
{all, [peer_filter()]}:
Matches only those peers matched by each filter in the specified list.
{any, [peer_filter()]}:
Matches only those peers matched by at least one filter in the specified list. The resulting list
will be in match order, peers matching the first filter of the list sorting before those matched by
the second, and so on.
{first, [peer_filter()]}:
Like any, but stops at the first filter for which there are matches, which can be much more
efficient when there are many peers. For example, the following filter causes only peers best
matching both the host and realm filters to be presented.
{first, [{all, [host, realm]}, realm]}
An invalid filter is equivalent to {any,[]}, a filter that matches no peer.
Note:
The host and realm filters cause the Destination-Host and Destination-Realm AVPs to be extracted from
the outgoing request, assuming it to be a record- or list-valued diameter_codec:message(), and assuming
at most one of each AVP. If this is not the case then the {host|realm, DiameterIdentity()} filters must
be used to achieve the desired result. An empty DiameterIdentity() (which should not be typical)
matches all hosts/realms for the purposes of filtering.
Warning:
A host filter is not typically desirable when setting Destination-Host since it will remove peer agents
from the candidates list.
service_event() = #diameter_event{service = service_name(), info = service_event_info()}:
An event message sent to processes that have subscribed to these using subscribe/1.
service_event_info() = term():
The info field of a service_event() record. Can have one of the following types.
start:
stop:
The service is being started or stopped. No event precedes a start event. No event follows a stop
event, and this event implies the termination of all transport processes.
{up, Ref, Peer, Config, Pkt}:
{up, Ref, Peer, Config}:
{down, Ref, Peer, Config}:
Ref = transport_ref()
Peer = diameter_app:peer()
Config = {connect|listen, [transport_opt()]}
Pkt = #diameter_packet{}
The RFC 3539 watchdog state machine has transitioned into (up) or out of (down) the OKAY state. If
a #diameter_packet{} is present in an up event then there has been a capabilities exchange on a
newly established transport connection and the record contains the received CER or CEA.
Note that a single up or down event for a given peer corresponds to multiple peer_up/3 or
peer_down/3 callbacks, one for each of the Diameter applications negotiated during capabilities
exchange. That is, the event communicates connectivity with the peer as a whole while the callbacks
communicate connectivity with respect to individual Diameter applications.
{reconnect, Ref, Opts}:
Ref = transport_ref()
Opts = [transport_opt()]
A connecting transport is attempting to establish/reestablish a transport connection with a peer
following connect_timer or watchdog_timer expiry.
{closed, Ref, Reason, Config}:
Ref = transport_ref()
Config = {connect|listen, [transport_opt()]}
Capabilities exchange has failed. Reason can have one of the following types.
{'CER', Result, Caps, Pkt}:
Result = ResultCode | {capabilities_cb, CB, ResultCode|discard}
Caps = #diameter_caps{}
Pkt = #diameter_packet{}
ResultCode = integer()
CB = eval()
An incoming CER has been answered with the indicated result code, or discarded. Caps contains
pairs of values, for the local node and remote peer respectively. Pkt contains the CER in
question. In the case of rejection by a capabilities callback, the tuple contains the rejecting
callback.
{'CER', Caps, {ResultCode, Pkt}}:
ResultCode = integer()
Caps = #diameter_caps{}
Pkt = #diameter_packet{}
An incoming CER contained errors and has been answered with the indicated result code. Caps
contains values for the local node only. Pkt contains the CER in question.
{'CER', timeout}:
An expected CER was not received within capx_timeout of connection establishment.
{'CEA', Result, Caps, Pkt}:
Result = ResultCode | atom() | {capabilities_cb, CB, ResultCode|discard}
Caps = #diameter_caps{}
Pkt = #diameter_packet{}
ResultCode = integer()
An incoming CEA has been rejected for the indicated reason. An integer-valued Result indicates
the result code sent by the peer. Caps contains pairs of values for the local node and remote
peer. Pkt contains the CEA in question. In the case of rejection by a capabilities callback, the
tuple contains the rejecting callback.
{'CEA', Caps, Pkt}:
Caps = #diameter_caps{}
Pkt = #diameter_packet{}
An incoming CEA contained errors and has been rejected. Caps contains only values for the local
node. Pkt contains the CEA in question.
{'CEA', timeout}:
An expected CEA was not received within capx_timeout of connection establishment.
{watchdog, Ref, PeerRef, {From, To}, Config}:
Ref = transport_ref()
PeerRef = diameter_app:peer_ref()
From, To = initial | okay | suspect | down | reopen
Config = {connect|listen, [transport_opt()]}
An RFC 3539 watchdog state machine has changed state.
any():
For forward compatibility, a subscriber should be prepared to receive info fields of forms other
than the above.
service_name() = term():
Name of a service as passed to start_service/2 and with which the service is identified. There can be
at most one service with a given name on a given node. Note that erlang:make_ref/0 can be used to
generate a service name that is somewhat unique.
service_opt():
Option passed to start_service/2. Can be any capability() as well as the following.
{application, [application_opt()]}:
A Diameter application supported by the service.
A service must configure one tuple for each Diameter application it intends to support. For an
outgoing request, the relevant application_alias() is passed to call/4, while for an incoming
request the application identifier in the message header determines the application, the identifier
being specified in the application's dictionary file.
Warning:
The capabilities advertised by a node must match its configured applications. In particular,
application configuration must be matched by corresponding capability() configuration, of
*-Application-Id AVPs in particular.
{decode_format, record | list | map | none}:
The format of decoded messages and grouped AVPs in the msg field of diameter_packet records and
value field of diameter_avp records respectively. If record then a record whose definition is
generated from the dictionary file in question. If list or map then a [Name | Avps] pair where Avps
is a list of AVP name/values pairs or a map keyed on AVP names respectively. If none then the atom-
value message name, or undefined for a Grouped AVP. See also diameter_codec:message().
Defaults to record.
Note:
AVPs are decoded into a list of diameter_avp records in avps field of diameter_packet records
independently of decode_format.
{restrict_connections, false | node | nodes | [node()] | eval()}:
The degree to which the service allows multiple transport connections to the same peer, as
identified by its Origin-Host at capabilities exchange.
If [node()] then a connection is rejected if another already exists on any of the specified nodes.
Types false, node, nodes and eval() are equivalent to [], [node()], [node()|nodes()] and the
evaluated value respectively, evaluation of each expression taking place whenever a new connection
is to be established. Note that false allows an unlimited number of connections to be established
with the same peer.
Multiple connections are independent and governed by their own peer and watchdog state machines.
Defaults to nodes.
{sequence, {H,N} | eval()}:
A constant value H for the topmost 32-N bits of of 32-bit End-to-End and Hop-by-Hop Identifiers
generated by the service, either explicitly or as a return value of a function to be evaluated at
start_service/2. In particular, an identifier Id is mapped to a new identifier as follows.
(H bsl N) bor (Id band ((1 bsl N) - 1))
Note that RFC 6733 requires that End-to-End Identifiers remain unique for a period of at least 4
minutes and that this and the call rate places a lower bound on appropriate values of N: at a rate
of R requests per second, an N-bit counter traverses all of its values in (1 bsl N) div (R*60)
minutes, so the bound is 4*R*60 =< 1 bsl N.
N must lie in the range 0..32 and H must be a non-negative integer less than 1 bsl (32-N).
Defaults to {0,32}.
Warning:
Multiple Erlang nodes implementing the same Diameter node should be configured with different
sequence masks to ensure that each node uses a unique range of End-to-End and Hop-by-Hop Identifiers
for outgoing requests.
{share_peers, boolean() | [node()] | eval()}:
Nodes to which peer connections established on the local Erlang node are communicated. Shared peers
become available in the remote candidates list passed to pick_peer/4 callbacks on remote nodes
whose services are configured to use them: see use_shared_peers below.
If false then peers are not shared. If [node()] then peers are shared with the specified list of
nodes. If eval() then peers are shared with the nodes returned by the specified function, evaluated
whenever a peer connection becomes available or a remote service requests information about local
connections. The value true is equivalent to fun erlang:nodes/0. The value node() in a list is
ignored, so a collection of services can all be configured to share with the same list of nodes.
Defaults to false.
Note:
Peers are only shared with services of the same name for the purpose of sending outgoing requests.
Since the value of the application_opt() alias, passed to call/4, is the handle for identifying a
peer as a suitable candidate, services that share peers must use the same aliases to identify their
supported applications. They should typically also configure identical capabilities(), since by
sharing peer connections they are distributing the implementation of a single Diameter node across
multiple Erlang nodes.
{strict_arities, boolean() | encode | decode}:
Whether or not to require that the number of AVPs in a message or grouped AVP agree with those
specified in the dictionary in question when passing messages to diameter_app(3erl) callbacks. If
true then mismatches in an outgoing messages cause message encoding to fail, while mismatches in an
incoming message are reported as 5005/5009 errors in the errors field of the diameter_packet record
passed to handle_request/3 or handle_answer/4 callbacks. If false then neither error is
enforced/detected. If encode or decode then errors are only enforced/detected on outgoing or
incoming messages respectively.
Defaults to true.
Note:
Disabling arity checks affects the form of messages at encode/decode. In particular, decoded AVPs are
represented as lists of values, regardless of the AVP's arity (ie. expected number in the message/AVP
grammar in question), and values are expected to be supplied as lists at encode. This differs from
the historic decode behaviour of representing AVPs of arity 1 as bare values, not wrapped in a list.
{string_decode, boolean()}:
Whether or not to decode AVPs of type OctetString() and its derived types DiameterIdentity(),
DiameterURI(), IPFilterRule(), QoSFilterRule(), and UTF8String(). If true then AVPs of these types
are decoded to string(). If false then values are retained as binary().
Defaults to true.
Warning:
This option should be set to false since a sufficiently malicious peer can otherwise cause large
amounts of memory to be consumed when decoded Diameter messages are passed between processes. The
default value is for backwards compatibility.
{traffic_counters, boolean()}:
Whether or not to count application-specific messages; those for which diameter_app(3erl) callbacks
take place. If false then only messages handled by diameter itself are counted: CER/CEA, DWR/DWA,
DPR/DPA.
Defaults to true.
Note:
Disabling counters is a performance improvement, but means that the omitted counters are not returned
by service_info/2.
{use_shared_peers, boolean() | [node()] | eval()}:
Nodes from which communicated peers are made available in the remote candidates list of pick_peer/4
callbacks.
If false then remote peers are not used. If [node()] then only peers from the specified list of
nodes are used. If eval() then only peers returned by the specified function are used, evaluated
whenever a remote service communicates information about an available peer connection. The value
true is equivalent to fun erlang:nodes/0. The value node() in a list is ignored.
Defaults to false.
Note:
A service that does not use shared peers will always pass the empty list as the second argument of
pick_peer/4 callbacks.
Warning:
Sending a request over a peer connection on a remote node is less efficient than sending it over a
local connection. It may be preferable to make use of the service_opt() restrict_connections and
maintain a dedicated connection on each node from which requests are sent.
transport_opt():
Any transport option except applications, capabilities, transport_config, and transport_module.
Used as defaults for transport configuration, values passed to add_transport/2 overriding values
configured on the service.
transport_opt():
Option passed to add_transport/2. Has one of the following types.
{applications, [application_alias()]}:
Diameter applications to which the transport should be restricted. Defaults to all applications
configured on the service in question. Applications not configured on the service in question are
ignored.
Warning:
The capabilities advertised by a node must match its configured applications. In particular, setting
applications on a transport typically implies having to set matching *-Application-Id AVPs in a
capabilities() tuple.
{avp_dictionaries, [module()]}:
A list of alternate dictionary modules with which to encode/decode AVPs that are not defined by the
dictionary of the application in question. At decode, such AVPs are represented as diameter_avp
records in the 'AVP' field of a decoded message or Grouped AVP, the first alternate that succeeds
in decoding the AVP setting the record's value field. At encode, values in an 'AVP' list can be
passed as AVP name/value 2-tuples, and it is an encode error for no alternate to define the AVP of
such a tuple.
Defaults to the empty list.
Note:
The motivation for alternate dictionaries is RFC 7683, Diameter Overload Indication Conveyance
(DOIC), which defines AVPs to be piggybacked onto existing application messages rather than defining
an application of its own. The DOIC dictionary is provided by the diameter application, as module
diameter_gen_doic_rfc7683, but alternate dictionaries can be used to encode/decode any set of AVPs
not known to an application dictionary.
{capabilities, [capability()]}:
AVPs used to construct outgoing CER/CEA messages. Values take precedence over any specified on the
service in question.
Specifying a capability as a transport option may be particularly appropriate for Inband-Security-
Id, in case TLS is desired over TCP as implemented by diameter_tcp(3erl).
{capabilities_cb, eval()}:
Callback invoked upon reception of CER/CEA during capabilities exchange in order to ask whether or
not the connection should be accepted. Applied to the transport_ref() and #diameter_caps{} record
of the connection.
The return value can have one of the following types.
ok:
Accept the connection.
integer():
Causes an incoming CER to be answered with the specified Result-Code.
discard:
Causes an incoming CER to be discarded without CEA being sent.
unknown:
Equivalent to returning 3010, DIAMETER_UNKNOWN_PEER.
Returning anything but ok or a 2xxx series result code causes the transport connection to be
broken. Multiple capabilities_cb options can be specified, in which case the corresponding
callbacks are applied until either all return ok or one does not.
{capx_timeout, Unsigned32()}:
Number of milliseconds after which a transport process having an established transport connection
will be terminated if the expected capabilities exchange message (CER or CEA) is not received from
the peer. For a connecting transport, the timing of connection attempts is governed by
connect_timer or watchdog_timer expiry. For a listening transport, the peer determines the timing.
Defaults to 10000.
{connect_timer, Tc}:
Tc = Unsigned32()
For a connecting transport, the RFC 6733 Tc timer, in milliseconds. This timer determines the
frequency with which a transport attempts to establish an initial connection with its peer
following transport configuration. Once an initial connection has been established, watchdog_timer
determines the frequency of reconnection attempts, as required by RFC 3539.
For a listening transport, the timer specifies the time after which a previously connected peer
will be forgotten: a connection after this time is regarded as an initial connection rather than
reestablishment, causing the RFC 3539 state machine to pass to state OKAY rather than REOPEN. Note
that these semantics are not governed by the RFC and that a listening transport's connect_timer
should be greater than its peer's Tw plus jitter.
Defaults to 30000 for a connecting transport and 60000 for a listening transport.
{disconnect_cb, eval()}:
Callback invoked prior to terminating the transport process of a transport connection having
watchdog state OKAY. Applied to application|service|transport and the transport_ref() and
diameter_app:peer() in question: application indicates that the diameter application is being
stopped, service that the service in question is being stopped by stop_service/1, and transport
that the transport in question is being removed by remove_transport/2.
The return value can have one of the following types.
{dpr, [option()]}:
Send Disconnect-Peer-Request to the peer, the transport process being terminated following
reception of Disconnect-Peer-Answer or timeout. An option() can be one of the following.
{cause, 0|rebooting|1|busy|2|goaway}:
Disconnect-Cause to send, REBOOTING, BUSY and DO_NOT_WANT_TO_TALK_TO_YOU respectively. Defaults
to rebooting for Reason=service|application and goaway for Reason=transport.
{timeout, Unsigned32()}:
Number of milliseconds after which the transport process is terminated if DPA has not been
received. Defaults to the value of dpa_timeout.
dpr:
Equivalent to {dpr, []}.
close:
Terminate the transport process without Disconnect-Peer-Request being sent to the peer.
ignore:
Equivalent to not having configured the callback.
Multiple disconnect_cb options can be specified, in which case the corresponding callbacks are
applied until one of them returns a value other than ignore. All callbacks returning ignore is
equivalent to not having configured them.
Defaults to a single callback returning dpr.
{dpa_timeout, Unsigned32()}:
Number of milliseconds after which a transport connection is terminated following an outgoing DPR
if DPA is not received.
Defaults to 1000.
{dpr_timeout, Unsigned32()}:
Number of milliseconds after which a transport connection is terminated following an incoming DPR
if the peer does not close the connection.
Defaults to 5000.
{incoming_maxlen, 0..16777215}:
Bound on the expected size of incoming Diameter messages. Messages larger than the specified number
of bytes are discarded.
Defaults to 16777215, the maximum value of the 24-bit Message Length field in a Diameter Header.
{length_errors, exit|handle|discard}:
How to deal with errors in the Message Length field of the Diameter Header in an incoming message.
An error in this context is that the length is not at least 20 bytes (the length of a Header), is
not a multiple of 4 (a valid length) or is not the length of the message in question, as received
over the transport interface documented in diameter_transport(3erl).
If exit then the transport process in question exits. If handle then the message is processed as
usual, a resulting handle_request/3 or handle_answer/4 callback (if one takes place) indicating the
5015 error (DIAMETER_INVALID_MESSAGE_LENGTH). If discard then the message in question is silently
discarded.
Defaults to exit.
Note:
The default value reflects the fact that a transport module for a stream-oriented transport like TCP
may not be able to recover from a message length error since such a transport must use the Message
Length header to divide the incoming byte stream into individual Diameter messages. An invalid length
leaves it with no reliable way to rediscover message boundaries, which may result in the failure of
subsequent messages. See diameter_tcp(3erl) for the behaviour of that module.
{pool_size, pos_integer()}:
Number of transport processes to start. For a listening transport, determines the size of the pool
of accepting transport processes, a larger number being desirable for processing multiple
concurrent peer connection attempts. For a connecting transport, determines the number of
connections to the peer in question that will be attempted to be establshed: the service_opt():
restrict_connections should also be configured on the service in question to allow multiple
connections to the same peer.
{spawn_opt, [term()] | {M,F,A}}:
An options list passed to erlang:spawn_opt/2 to spawn a handler process for an incoming Diameter
request on the local node, or an MFA that returns the pid of a handler process.
Options monitor and link are ignored in the list-valued case. An MFA is applied with an additional
term prepended to its argument list, and should return either the pid of the handler process that
invokes diameter_traffic:request/1 on the argument in order to process the request, or the atom
discard. The handler process need not be local, and diameter need not be started on the remote
node, but diameter and relevant application callbacks must be on the code path.
Defaults to the empty list.
{strict_capx, boolean()]}:
Whether or not to enforce the RFC 6733 requirement that any message before capabilities exchange
should close the peer connection. If false then unexpected messages are discarded.
Defaults to true. Changing this results in non-standard behaviour, but can be useful in case peers
are known to be behave badly.
{strict_mbit, boolean()}:
Whether or not to regard an AVP setting the M-bit as erroneous when the command grammar in question
does not explicitly allow the AVP. If true then such AVPs are regarded as 5001 errors,
DIAMETER_AVP_UNSUPPORTED. If false then the M-bit is ignored and policing it becomes the receiver's
responsibility.
Defaults to true.
Warning:
RFC 6733 is unclear about the semantics of the M-bit. One the one hand, the CCF specification in
section 3.2 documents AVP in a command grammar as meaning any arbitrary AVP; on the other hand, 1.3.4
states that AVPs setting the M-bit cannot be added to an existing command: the modified command must
instead be placed in a new Diameter application.
The reason for the latter is presumably interoperability: allowing arbitrary AVPs setting the M-bit
in a command makes its interpretation implementation-dependent, since there's no guarantee that all
implementations will understand the same set of arbitrary AVPs in the context of a given command.
However, interpreting AVP in a command grammar as any AVP, regardless of M-bit, renders 1.3.4
meaningless, since the receiver can simply ignore any AVP it thinks isn't relevant, regardless of the
sender's intent.
Beware of confusing mandatory in the sense of the M-bit with mandatory in the sense of the command
grammar. The former is a semantic requirement: that the receiver understand the semantics of the AVP
in the context in question. The latter is a syntactic requirement: whether or not the AVP must occur
in the message in question.
{transport_config, term()}:
{transport_config, term(), Unsigned32() | infinity}:
Term passed as the third argument to the start/3 function of the relevant transport module in order
to start a transport process. Defaults to the empty list.
The 3-tuple form additionally specifies an interval, in milliseconds, after which a started
transport process should be terminated if it has not yet established a connection. For example, the
following options on a connecting transport request a connection with one peer over SCTP or another
(typically the same) over TCP.
{transport_module, diameter_sctp}
{transport_config, SctpOpts, 5000}
{transport_module, diameter_tcp}
{transport_config, TcpOpts}
To listen on both SCTP and TCP, define one transport for each.
{transport_module, atom()}:
Module implementing a transport process as defined in diameter_transport(3erl). Defaults to
diameter_tcp.
Multiple transport_module and transport_config options are allowed. The order of these is
significant in this case (and only in this case), a transport_module being paired with the first
transport_config following it in the options list, or the default value for trailing modules.
Transport starts will be attempted with each of the modules in order until one establishes a
connection within the corresponding timeout (see below) or all fail.
{watchdog_config, [{okay|suspect, non_neg_integer()}]}:
Configuration that alters the behaviour of the watchdog state machine. On key okay, the non-
negative number of answered DWR messages before transitioning from REOPEN to OKAY. On key suspect,
the number of watchdog timeouts before transitioning from OKAY to SUSPECT when DWR is unanswered,
or 0 to not make the transition.
Defaults to [{okay, 3}, {suspect, 1}]. Not specifying a key is equivalent to specifying the default
value for that key.
Warning:
The default value is as required by RFC 3539: changing it results in non-standard behaviour that
should only be used to simulate misbehaving nodes during test.
{watchdog_timer, TwInit}:
TwInit = Unsigned32()
| {M,F,A}
The RFC 3539 watchdog timer. An integer value is interpreted as the RFC's TwInit in milliseconds, a
jitter of +/- 2 seconds being added at each rearming of the timer to compute the RFC's Tw. An MFA
is expected to return the RFC's Tw directly, with jitter applied, allowing the jitter calculation
to be performed by the callback.
An integer value must be at least 6000 as required by RFC 3539. Defaults to 30000.
Unrecognized options are silently ignored but are returned unmodified by service_info/2 and can be
referred to in predicate functions passed to remove_transport/2.
transport_ref() = reference():
Reference returned by add_transport/2 that identifies the configuration.
EXPORTS
add_transport(SvcName, {connect|listen, [Opt]}) -> {ok, Ref} | {error, Reason}
Types:
SvcName = service_name()
Opt = transport_opt()
Ref = transport_ref()
Reason = term()
Add transport capability to a service.
The service will start transport processes as required in order to establish a connection with the
peer, either by connecting to the peer (connect) or by accepting incoming connection requests
(listen). A connecting transport establishes transport connections with at most one peer, an
listening transport potentially with many.
The diameter application takes responsibility for exchanging CER/CEA with the peer. Upon
successful completion of capabilities exchange the service calls each relevant application
module's peer_up/3 callback after which the caller can exchange Diameter messages with the peer
over the transport. In addition to CER/CEA, the service takes responsibility for the handling of
DWR/DWA and required by RFC 3539, as well as for DPR/DPA.
The returned reference uniquely identifies the transport within the scope of the service. Note
that the function returns before a transport connection has been established.
Note:
It is not an error to add a transport to a service that has not yet been configured: a service can
be started after configuring its transports.
call(SvcName, App, Request, [Opt]) -> Answer | ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
SvcName = service_name()
App = application_alias()
Request = diameter_codec:message()
Answer = term()
Opt = call_opt()
Send a Diameter request message.
App specifies the Diameter application in which the request is defined and callbacks to the
corresponding callback module will follow as described below and in diameter_app(3erl). Unless the
detach option is specified, the call returns either when an answer message is received from the
peer or an error occurs. In the answer case, the return value is as returned by a handle_answer/4
callback. In the error case, whether or not the error is returned directly by diameter or from a
handle_error/4 callback depends on whether or not the outgoing request is successfully encoded for
transmission to the peer, the cases being documented below.
If there are no suitable peers, or if pick_peer/4 rejects them by returning false, then
{error,no_connection} is returned. Otherwise pick_peer/4 is followed by a prepare_request/3
callback, the message is encoded and then sent.
There are several error cases which may prevent an answer from being received and passed to a
handle_answer/4 callback:
* If the initial encode of the outgoing request fails, then the request process fails and
{error,encode} is returned.
* If the request is successfully encoded and sent but the answer times out then a handle_error/4
callback takes place with Reason = timeout.
* If the request is successfully encoded and sent but the service in question is stopped before
an answer is received then a handle_error/4 callback takes place with Reason = cancel.
* If the transport connection with the peer goes down after the request has been sent but before
an answer has been received then an attempt is made to resend the request to an alternate
peer. If no such peer is available, or if the subsequent pick_peer/4 callback rejects the
candidates, then a handle_error/4 callback takes place with Reason = failover. If a peer is
selected then a prepare_retransmit/3 callback takes place, after which the semantics are the
same as following an initial prepare_request/3 callback.
* If an encode error takes place during retransmission then the request process fails and
{error,failure} is returned.
* If an application callback made in processing the request fails (pick_peer, prepare_request,
prepare_retransmit, handle_answer or handle_error) then either {error,encode} or
{error,failure} is returned depending on whether or not there has been an attempt to send the
request over the transport.
Note that {error,encode} is the only return value which guarantees that the request has not been
sent over the transport connection.
origin_state_id() -> Unsigned32()
Return a reasonable value for use as Origin-State-Id in outgoing messages.
The value returned is the number of seconds since 19680120T031408Z, the first value that can be
encoded as a Diameter Time(), at the time the diameter application was started.
remove_transport(SvcName, Pred) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
SvcName = service_name()
Pred = Fun | MFA | transport_ref() | list() | true | false
Fun = fun((transport_ref(), connect|listen, list()) -> boolean())
| fun((transport_ref(), list()) -> boolean())
| fun((list()) -> boolean())
MFA = {atom(), atom(), list()}
Reason = term()
Remove previously added transports.
Pred determines which transports to remove. An arity-3-valued Pred removes all transports for
which Pred(Ref, Type, Opts) returns true, where Type and Opts are as passed to add_transport/2 and
Ref is as returned by it. The remaining forms are equivalent to an arity-3 fun as follows.
Pred = fun(transport_ref(), list()): fun(Ref, _, Opts) -> Pred(Ref, Opts) end
Pred = fun(list()): fun(_, _, Opts) -> Pred(Opts) end
Pred = transport_ref(): fun(Ref, _, _) -> Pred == Ref end
Pred = list(): fun(_, _, Opts) -> [] == Pred -- Opts end
Pred = true: fun(_, _, _) -> true end
Pred = false: fun(_, _, _) -> false end
Pred = {M,F,A}: fun(Ref, Type, Opts) -> apply(M, F, [Ref, Type, Opts | A]) end
Removing a transport causes the corresponding transport processes to be terminated. Whether or not
a DPR message is sent to a peer is controlled by value of disconnect_cb configured on the
transport.
service_info(SvcName, Info) -> term()
Types:
SvcName = service_name()
Info = Item | [Info]
Item = atom()
Return information about a started service. Requesting info for an unknown service causes
undefined to be returned. Requesting a list of items causes a tagged list to be returned.
Item can be one of the following.
'Origin-Host':
'Origin-Realm':
'Vendor-Id':
'Product-Name':
'Origin-State-Id':
'Host-IP-Address':
'Supported-Vendor':
'Auth-Application-Id':
'Inband-Security-Id':
'Acct-Application-Id':
'Vendor-Specific-Application-Id':
'Firmware-Revision':
Return a capability value as configured with start_service/2.
applications:
Return the list of applications as configured with start_service/2.
capabilities:
Return a tagged list of all capabilities values as configured with start_service/2.
transport:
Return a list containing one entry for each of the service's transport as configured with
add_transport/2. Each entry is a tagged list containing both configuration and information
about established peer connections. An example return value with for a client service with
Origin-Host "client.example.com" configured with a single transport connected to
"server.example.com" might look as follows.
[[{ref,#Ref<0.0.0.93>},
{type,connect},
{options,[{transport_module,diameter_tcp},
{transport_config,[{ip,{127,0,0,1}},
{raddr,{127,0,0,1}},
{rport,3868},
{reuseaddr,true}]}]},
{watchdog,{<0.66.0>,-576460736368485571,okay}},
{peer,{<0.67.0>,-576460736357885808}},
{apps,[{0,common}]},
{caps,[{origin_host,{"client.example.com","server.example.com"}},
{origin_realm,{"example.com","example.com"}},
{host_ip_address,{[{127,0,0,1}],[{127,0,0,1}]}},
{vendor_id,{0,193}},
{product_name,{"Client","Server"}},
{origin_state_id,{[],[]}},
{supported_vendor_id,{[],[]}},
{auth_application_id,{[0],[0]}},
{inband_security_id,{[],[0]}},
{acct_application_id,{[],[]}},
{vendor_specific_application_id,{[],[]}},
{firmware_revision,{[],[]}},
{avp,{[],[]}}]},
{port,[{owner,<0.69.0>},
{module,diameter_tcp},
{socket,{{127,0,0,1},48758}},
{peer,{{127,0,0,1},3868}},
{statistics,[{recv_oct,656},
{recv_cnt,6},
{recv_max,148},
{recv_avg,109},
{recv_dvi,19},
{send_oct,836},
{send_cnt,6},
{send_max,184},
{send_avg,139},
{send_pend,0}]}]},
{statistics,[{{{0,258,0},recv},3},
{{{0,258,1},send},3},
{{{0,258,0},recv,{'Result-Code',2001}},3},
{{{0,257,0},recv},1},
{{{0,257,1},send},1},
{{{0,257,0},recv,{'Result-Code',2001}},1},
{{{0,280,1},recv},2},
{{{0,280,0},send},2},
{{{0,280,0},send,{'Result-Code',2001}},2}]}]]
Here ref is a transport_ref() and options the corresponding transport_opt() list passed to
add_transport/2. The watchdog entry shows the state of a connection's RFC 3539 watchdog state
machine. The peer entry identifies the diameter_app:peer_ref() for which there will have been
peer_up/3 callbacks for the Diameter applications identified by the apps entry, common being
the application_alias(). The caps entry identifies the capabilities sent by the local node and
received from the peer during capabilities exchange. The port entry displays socket-level
information about the transport connection. The statistics entry presents Diameter-level
counters, an entry like {{{0,280,1},recv},2} saying that the client has received 2 DWR
messages: {0,280,1} = {Application_Id, Command_Code, R_Flag}.
Note that watchdog, peer, apps, caps and port entries depend on connectivity with the peer and
may not be present. Note also that the statistics entry presents values accumulated during the
lifetime of the transport configuration.
A listening transport presents its information slightly differently since there may be
multiple accepted connections for the same transport_ref(). The transport info returned by a
server with a single client connection might look as follows.
[[{ref,#Ref<0.0.0.61>},
{type,listen},
{options,[{transport_module,diameter_tcp},
{transport_config,[{reuseaddr,true},
{ip,{127,0,0,1}},
{port,3868}]}]},
{accept,[[{watchdog,{<0.56.0>,-576460739249514012,okay}},
{peer,{<0.58.0>,-576460638229179167}},
{apps,[{0,common}]},
{caps,[{origin_host,{"server.example.com","client.example.com"}},
{origin_realm,{"example.com","example.com"}},
{host_ip_address,{[{127,0,0,1}],[{127,0,0,1}]}},
{vendor_id,{193,0}},
{product_name,{"Server","Client"}},
{origin_state_id,{[],[]}},
{supported_vendor_id,{[],[]}},
{auth_application_id,{[0],[0]}},
{inband_security_id,{[],[]}},
{acct_application_id,{[],[]}},
{vendor_specific_application_id,{[],[]}},
{firmware_revision,{[],[]}},
{avp,{[],[]}}]},
{port,[{owner,<0.62.0>},
{module,diameter_tcp},
{socket,{{127,0,0,1},3868}},
{peer,{{127,0,0,1},48758}},
{statistics,[{recv_oct,1576},
{recv_cnt,16},
{recv_max,184},
{recv_avg,98},
{recv_dvi,26},
{send_oct,1396},
{send_cnt,16},
{send_max,148},
{send_avg,87},
{send_pend,0}]}]}],
[{watchdog,{<0.72.0>,-576460638229717546,initial}}]]},
{statistics,[{{{0,280,0},recv},7},
{{{0,280,1},send},7},
{{{0,280,0},recv,{'Result-Code',2001}},7},
{{{0,258,1},recv},3},
{{{0,258,0},send},3},
{{{0,258,0},send,{'Result-Code',2001}},3},
{{{0,280,1},recv},5},
{{{0,280,0},send},5},
{{{0,280,0},send,{'Result-Code',2001}},5},
{{{0,257,1},recv},1},
{{{0,257,0},send},1},
{{{0,257,0},send,{'Result-Code',2001}},1}]}]]
The information presented here is as in the connect case except that the client connections
are grouped under an accept tuple.
Whether or not the transport_opt() pool_size has been configured affects the format of the
listing in the case of a connecting transport, since a value greater than 1 implies multiple
transport processes for the same transport_ref(), as in the listening case. The format in this
case is similar to the listening case, with a pool tuple in place of an accept tuple.
connections:
Return a list containing one entry for every established transport connection whose watchdog
state machine is not in the down state. This is a flat view of transport info which lists only
active connections and for which Diameter-level statistics are accumulated only for the
lifetime of the transport connection. A return value for the server above might look as
follows.
[[{ref,#Ref<0.0.0.61>},
{type,accept},
{options,[{transport_module,diameter_tcp},
{transport_config,[{reuseaddr,true},
{ip,{127,0,0,1}},
{port,3868}]}]},
{watchdog,{<0.56.0>,-576460739249514012,okay}},
{peer,{<0.58.0>,-576460638229179167}},
{apps,[{0,common}]},
{caps,[{origin_host,{"server.example.com","client.example.com"}},
{origin_realm,{"example.com","example.com"}},
{host_ip_address,{[{127,0,0,1}],[{127,0,0,1}]}},
{vendor_id,{193,0}},
{product_name,{"Server","Client"}},
{origin_state_id,{[],[]}},
{supported_vendor_id,{[],[]}},
{auth_application_id,{[0],[0]}},
{inband_security_id,{[],[]}},
{acct_application_id,{[],[]}},
{vendor_specific_application_id,{[],[]}},
{firmware_revision,{[],[]}},
{avp,{[],[]}}]},
{port,[{owner,<0.62.0>},
{module,diameter_tcp},
{socket,{{127,0,0,1},3868}},
{peer,{{127,0,0,1},48758}},
{statistics,[{recv_oct,10124},
{recv_cnt,132},
{recv_max,184},
{recv_avg,76},
{recv_dvi,9},
{send_oct,10016},
{send_cnt,132},
{send_max,148},
{send_avg,75},
{send_pend,0}]}]},
{statistics,[{{{0,280,0},recv},62},
{{{0,280,1},send},62},
{{{0,280,0},recv,{'Result-Code',2001}},62},
{{{0,258,1},recv},3},
{{{0,258,0},send},3},
{{{0,258,0},send,{'Result-Code',2001}},3},
{{{0,280,1},recv},66},
{{{0,280,0},send},66},
{{{0,280,0},send,{'Result-Code',2001}},66},
{{{0,257,1},recv},1},
{{{0,257,0},send},1},
{{{0,257,0},send,{'Result-Code',2001}},1}]}]]
Note that there may be multiple entries with the same ref, in contrast to transport info.
statistics:
Return a {{Counter, Ref}, non_neg_integer()} list of counter values. Ref can be either a
transport_ref() or a diameter_app:peer_ref(). Entries for the latter are folded into
corresponding entries for the former as peer connections go down. Entries for both are removed
at remove_transport/2. The Diameter-level statistics returned by transport and connections
info are based upon these entries.
diameter_app:peer_ref():
Return transport configuration associated with a single peer, as passed to add_transport/2.
The returned list is empty if the peer is unknown. Otherwise it contains the ref, type and
options tuples as in transport and connections info above. For example:
[{ref,#Ref<0.0.0.61>},
{type,accept},
{options,[{transport_module,diameter_tcp},
{transport_config,[{reuseaddr,true},
{ip,{127,0,0,1}},
{port,3868}]}]}]
services() -> [SvcName]
Types:
SvcName = service_name()
Return the list of started services.
session_id(Ident) -> OctetString()
Types:
Ident = DiameterIdentity()
Return a value for a Session-Id AVP.
The value has the form required by section 8.8 of RFC 6733. Ident should be the Origin-Host of the
peer from which the message containing the returned value will be sent.
start() -> ok | {error, Reason}
Start the diameter application.
The diameter application must be started before starting a service. In a production system this is
typically accomplished by a boot file, not by calling start/0 explicitly.
start_service(SvcName, Options) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
SvcName = service_name()
Options = [service_opt()]
Reason = term()
Start a diameter service.
A service defines a locally-implemented Diameter node, specifying the capabilities to be
advertised during capabilities exchange. Transports are added to a service using add_transport/2.
Note:
A transport can both override its service's capabilities and restrict its supported Diameter
applications so "service = Diameter node as identified by Origin-Host" is not necessarily the
case.
stop() -> ok | {error, Reason}
Stop the diameter application.
stop_service(SvcName) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
SvcName = service_name()
Reason = term()
Stop a diameter service.
Stopping a service causes all associated transport connections to be broken. A DPR message will be
sent as in the case of remove_transport/2.
Note:
Stopping a service does not remove any associated transports: remove_transport/2 must be called to
remove transport configuration.
subscribe(SvcName) -> true
Types:
SvcName = service_name()
Subscribe to service_event() messages from a service.
It is not an error to subscribe to events from a service that does not yet exist. Doing so before
adding transports is required to guarantee the reception of all transport-related events.
unsubscribe(SvcName) -> true
Types:
SvcName = service_name()
Unsubscribe to event messages from a service.
SEE ALSO
diameter_app(3erl), diameter_transport(3erl), diameter_dict(5)
Ericsson AB diameter 2.2.7 diameter(3erl)