Provided by: perl-tk_804.036+dfsg1-1ubuntu3_amd64 
NAME
Tk::Wm - Communicate with window manager
SYNOPSIS
$toplevel->method(?args?)
DESCRIPTION
The wm methods are used to interact with window managers in order to control such things as the title for
a window, its geometry, or the increments in terms of which it may be resized. The wm methods can take
any of a number of different forms, depending on the particular method argument. All of the forms expect
$toplevel, which must be a top-level window object.
The legal forms for the wm methods are:
$toplevel->aspect(?minNumer minDenom maxNumer maxDenom?)
If minNumer, minDenom, maxNumer, and maxDenom are all specified, then they will be passed to the
window manager and the window manager should use them to enforce a range of acceptable aspect ratios
for $toplevel. The aspect ratio of $toplevel (width/length) will be constrained to lie between
minNumer/minDenom and maxNumer/maxDenom. If minNumer etc. are all specified as empty strings, then
any existing aspect ratio restrictions are removed. If minNumer etc. are specified, then the method
returns an empty string. Otherwise, it returns a array containing four elements, which are the
current values of minNumer, minDenom, maxNumer, and maxDenom (if no aspect restrictions are in
effect, then an empty string is returned).
$widget->attributes( ?args? );
This subcommand returns or sets platform specific attributes associated with a window.
$widget->attributes;
Returns a list of the platform specific flags and their values.
$widget->attributes( ?option? );
Returns the value for the specific option.
$widget->attributes( ?option value option value...? );
Sets one or more of the values. The values are as follows:
On Windows, -disabled gets or sets whether the window is in a disabled state. -toolwindow gets
or sets the style of the window to toolwindow (as defined in the MSDN). -topmost gets or sets
whether this is a topmost window (displays above all other windows).
On Macintosh, there are currently no special attribute values.
On Unix, there are currently no special attribute values.
$toplevel->client(?name?)
If name is specified, this method stores name (which should be the name of the host on which the
application is executing) in $toplevel's WM_CLIENT_MACHINE property for use by the window manager or
session manager. The method returns an empty string in this case. If name isn't specified, the
method returns the last name set in a client method for $toplevel. If name is specified as an empty
string, the method deletes the WM_CLIENT_MACHINE property from $toplevel.
$toplevel->colormapwindows(?windowList?)
This method is used to manipulate the WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property, which provides information to the
window managers about windows that have private colormaps. If windowList isn't specified, the method
returns a list whose elements are the names of the windows in the WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property. If
windowList is specified, it consists of a list of widgets; the method overwrites the
WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property with the given windows and returns an empty string. The
WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property should normally contain a list of the internal windows within $toplevel
whose colormaps differ from their parents. The order of the windows in the property indicates a
priority order: the window manager will attempt to install as many colormaps as possible from the
head of this list when $widget gets the colormap focus. If $widget is not included among the windows
in windowList, Tk implicitly adds it at the end of the WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property, so that its
colormap is lowest in priority. If $widget->colormapwindows is not invoked, Tk will automatically
set the property for each top-level window to all the internal windows whose colormaps differ from
their parents, followed by the top-level itself; the order of the internal windows is undefined.
See the ICCCM documentation for more information on the WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property.
$toplevel->command(?value?)
If value is specified, this method stores value in $toplevel's WM_COMMAND property for use by the
window manager or session manager and returns an empty string. Value must have proper list
structure; the elements should contain the words of the command used to invoke the application. If
value isn't specified then the method returns the last value set in a command method for $toplevel.
If value is specified as an empty string, the method deletes the WM_COMMAND property from $toplevel.
$toplevel->deiconify
Arrange for $toplevel to be displayed in normal (non-iconified) form. This is done by mapping the
window. If the window has never been mapped then this method will not map the window, but it will
ensure that when the window is first mapped it will be displayed in de-iconified form. Returns an
empty string.
$toplevel->focusmodel(?active|passive?)
If active or passive is supplied as an optional argument to the method, then it specifies the focus
model for $toplevel. In this case the method returns an empty string. If no additional argument is
supplied, then the method returns the current focus model for $toplevel. An active focus model means
that $toplevel will claim the input focus for itself or its descendants, even at times when the focus
is currently in some other application. Passive means that $toplevel will never claim the focus for
itself: the window manager should give the focus to $toplevel at appropriate times. However, once
the focus has been given to $toplevel or one of its descendants, the application may re-assign the
focus among $toplevel's descendants. The focus model defaults to passive, and Tk's focus method
assumes a passive model of focusing.
$toplevel->frame
If $widget has been reparented by the window manager into a decorative frame, the method returns the
platform specific window identifier for the outermost frame that contains $toplevel (the window whose
parent is the root or virtual root). If $toplevel hasn't been reparented by the window manager then
the method returns the platform specific window identifier for $toplevel.
$toplevel->geometry(?newGeometry?)
If newGeometry is specified, then the geometry of $toplevel is changed and an empty string is
returned. Otherwise the current geometry for $toplevel is returned (this is the most recent geometry
specified either by manual resizing or in a geometry method). NewGeometry has the form
=widthxheight+-x+-y, where any of =, widthxheight, or +-x+-y may be omitted. Width and height are
positive integers specifying the desired dimensions of $toplevel. If $toplevel is gridded (see
"GRIDDED GEOMETRY MANAGEMENT" below) then the dimensions are specified in grid units; otherwise they
are specified in pixel units. X and y specify the desired location of $toplevel on the screen, in
pixels. If x is preceded by +, it specifies the number of pixels between the left edge of the screen
and the left edge of $toplevel's border; if preceded by - then x specifies the number of pixels
between the right edge of the screen and the right edge of $toplevel's border. If y is preceded by +
then it specifies the number of pixels between the top of the screen and the top of $toplevel's
border; if y is preceded by - then it specifies the number of pixels between the bottom of
$toplevel's border and the bottom of the screen. If newGeometry is specified as an empty string then
any existing user-specified geometry for $toplevel is cancelled, and the window will revert to the
size requested internally by its widgets.
$toplevel->wmGrid(?baseWidth,baseHeight,widthInc,heightInc?)
This method indicates that $toplevel is to be managed as a gridded window. It also specifies the
relationship between grid units and pixel units. BaseWidth and baseHeight specify the number of grid
units corresponding to the pixel dimensions requested internally by $toplevel using
Tk_GeometryRequest. WidthInc and heightInc specify the number of pixels in each horizontal and
vertical grid unit. These four values determine a range of acceptable sizes for $toplevel,
corresponding to grid-based widths and heights that are non-negative integers. Tk will pass this
information to the window manager; during manual resizing, the window manager will restrict the
window's size to one of these acceptable sizes. Furthermore, during manual resizing the window
manager will display the window's current size in terms of grid units rather than pixels. If
baseWidth etc. are all specified as empty strings, then $toplevel will no longer be managed as a
gridded window. If baseWidth etc. are specified then the return value is an empty string. Otherwise
the return value is a array containing four elements corresponding to the current baseWidth,
baseHeight, widthInc, and heightInc; if $toplevel is not currently gridded, then an empty string is
returned. Note: this command should not be needed very often, since the Tk_SetGrid library procedure
and the -setgrid option provide easier access to the same functionality.
$toplevel->group(?$widget?)
If $widget is specified, it is the the leader of a group of related windows. The window manager may
use this information, for example, to unmap all of the windows in a group when the group's leader is
iconified. $widget may be specified as an empty string to remove $toplevel from any group
association. If $widget is specified then the method returns an empty string; otherwise it returns
the $toplevel's current group leader, or an empty string if $toplevel isn't part of any group.
$toplevel->iconbitmap(?bitmap?)
If bitmap is specified, then it names a bitmap in the standard forms accepted by Tk (see the
Tk_GetBitmap documentation for details). This black and white bitmap is passed to the window manager
to be displayed in $toplevel's icon, and the method returns an empty string. If an empty string is
specified for bitmap, then any current icon bitmap or image is cancelled for $toplevel. If bitmap is
specified then the method returns an empty string. Otherwise it returns the name of the current icon
bitmap associated with $toplevel, or an empty string if $toplevel has no icon bitmap.
$toplevel->iconify
Arrange for $toplevel to be iconified. It $toplevel hasn't yet been mapped for the first time, this
method will arrange for it to appear in the iconified state when it is eventually mapped.
$toplevel->iconimage(?image?)
If image is specified, then it names a normal Tk image. This image is rendered into a private
coloured bitmap which is passed to the window manager to be displayed in $toplevel's icon, and the
method returns an empty string. If an empty string is specified for image, then any current icon
bitmap or image is cancelled for $toplevel. If image is specified then the method returns an empty
string. Otherwise it returns the name of the current icon image associated with $toplevel, or an
empty string if $toplevel has no icon image. The private pixmap is not pre-cleared so images which
are partly "transparent" display rubbish in their transparent parts.
The sizes of images that can be used as icons in this manner are platform dependent. On Win32 this
sets the "large" icon, which should be 32x32, it will automatically be scaled down to 16x16 for use
as a small icon.
$toplevel->iconmask(?bitmap?)
If bitmap is specified, then it names a bitmap in the standard forms accepted by Tk (see the
Tk_GetBitmap documentation for details). This bitmap is passed to the window manager to be used as a
mask in conjunction with the iconbitmap option: where the mask has zeroes no icon will be displayed;
where it has ones, the bits from the icon bitmap will be displayed. If an empty string is specified
for bitmap then any current icon mask is cancelled for $toplevel (this is equivalent to specifying a
bitmap of all ones). If bitmap is specified then the method returns an empty string. Otherwise it
returns the name of the current icon mask associated with $toplevel, or an empty string if no mask is
in effect.
$toplevel->iconname(?newName?)
If newName is specified, then it is passed to the window manager; the window manager should display
newName inside the icon associated with $toplevel. In this case an empty string is returned as
result. If newName isn't specified then the method returns the current icon name for $toplevel, or
an empty string if no icon name has been specified (in this case the window manager will normally
display the window's title, as specified with the title method).
$toplevel->iconphoto(?-default? image1 ?image2 ...?)
Sets the titlebar icon for window based on the named photo images. If -default is specified,
this is applied to all future created toplevels as well. The data in the images is taken as a
snapshot at the time of invocation. If the images are later changed, this is not reflected to
the titlebar icons. Multiple images are accepted to allow different images sizes (eg, 16x16 and
32x32) to be provided. The window manager may scale pro- vided icons to an appropriate size.
On Windows, the images are packed into a Windows icon structure. This will override an ico specified
to wm iconbitmap, and vice versa. [NOTE: This is not implemented yet!]
On X, the images are arranged into the _NET_WM_ICON X property, which most modern window managers
support. A wm iconbitmap may exist simultaneously. It is recommended to use not more than 2
icons, placing the larger icon first.
On Macintosh, this is currently does nothing.
$toplevel->iconposition(?x y?)
If x and y are specified, they are passed to the window manager as a hint about where to position the
icon for $toplevel. In this case an empty string is returned. If x and y are specified as empty
strings then any existing icon position hint is cancelled. If neither x nor y is specified, then the
method returns a array containing two values, which are the current icon position hints (if no hints
are in effect then an empty string is returned).
$toplevel->iconwindow(?$widget?)
If $widget is specified, it is a window to use as icon for $toplevel: when $toplevel is iconified
then $widget will be mapped to serve as icon, and when $toplevel is de-iconified then $widget will be
unmapped again. If $widget is specified as an empty string then any existing icon window association
for $toplevel will be cancelled. If the $widget argument is specified then an empty string is
returned. Otherwise the method returns the current icon window for $toplevel, or an empty string if
there is no icon window currently specified for $toplevel. Button press events are disabled for
$toplevel as long as it is an icon window; this is needed in order to allow window managers to
``own'' those events. Note: not all window managers support the notion of an icon window.
$toplevel->maxsize(?width,height?)
If width and height are specified, they give the maximum permissible dimensions for $toplevel. For
gridded windows the dimensions are specified in grid units; otherwise they are specified in pixel
units. The window manager will restrict the window's dimensions to be less than or equal to width
and height. If width and height are specified, then the method returns an empty string. Otherwise
it returns a array with two elements, which are the maximum width and height currently in effect.
The maximum size defaults to the size of the screen. If resizing has been disabled with the
resizable method, then this method has no effect. See the sections on geometry management below for
more information.
$toplevel->minsize(?width,height?)
If width and height are specified, they give the minimum permissible dimensions for $toplevel. For
gridded windows the dimensions are specified in grid units; otherwise they are specified in pixel
units. The window manager will restrict the window's dimensions to be greater than or equal to width
and height. If width and height are specified, then the method returns an empty string. Otherwise
it returns a array with two elements, which are the minimum width and height currently in effect.
The minimum size defaults to one pixel in each dimension. If resizing has been disabled with the
resizable method, then this method has no effect. See the sections on geometry management below for
more information.
$toplevel->overrideredirect(?boolean?)
If boolean is specified, it must have a proper boolean form and the override-redirect flag for
$toplevel is set to that value. If boolean is not specified then 1 or 0 is returned to indicate
whether or not the override-redirect flag is currently set for $toplevel. Setting the override-
redirect flag for a window causes it to be ignored by the window manager; among other things, this
means that the window will not be reparented from the root window into a decorative frame and the
user will not be able to manipulate the window using the normal window manager mechanisms.
$toplevel->positionfrom(?who?)
If who is specified, it must be either program or user, or an abbreviation of one of these two. It
indicates whether $toplevel's current position was requested by the program or by the user. Many
window managers ignore program-requested initial positions and ask the user to manually position the
window; if user is specified then the window manager should position the window at the given place
without asking the user for assistance. If who is specified as an empty string, then the current
position source is cancelled. If who is specified, then the method returns an empty string.
Otherwise it returns user or $widget to indicate the source of the window's current position, or an
empty string if no source has been specified yet. Most window managers interpret ``no source'' as
equivalent to program. Tk will automatically set the position source to user when a geometry method
is invoked, unless the source has been set explicitly to program.
$toplevel->protocol(?name?,?callback?)
This method is used to manage window manager protocols such as WM_DELETE_WINDOW. Name is the name of
an atom corresponding to a window manager protocol, such as WM_DELETE_WINDOW or WM_SAVE_YOURSELF or
WM_TAKE_FOCUS. If both name and callback are specified, then callback is associated with the
protocol specified by name. Name will be added to $toplevel's WM_PROTOCOLS property to tell the
window manager that the application has a protocol handler for name, and callback will be invoked in
the future whenever the window manager sends a message to the client for that protocol. In this case
the method returns an empty string. If name is specified but callback isn't, then the current
callback for name is returned, or an empty string if there is no handler defined for name. If
callback is specified as an empty string then the current handler for name is deleted and it is
removed from the WM_PROTOCOLS property on $toplevel; an empty string is returned. Lastly, if
neither name nor callback is specified, the method returns a list of all the protocols for which
handlers are currently defined for $toplevel.
Tk always defines a protocol handler for WM_DELETE_WINDOW, even if you haven't asked for one
with protocol. If a WM_DELETE_WINDOW message arrives when you haven't defined a handler,
then Tk handles the message by destroying the window for which it was received.
$toplevel->resizable(?width,height?)
This method controls whether or not the user may interactively resize a top-level window. If width
and height are specified, they are boolean values that determine whether the width and height of
$toplevel may be modified by the user. In this case the method returns an empty string. If width
and height are omitted then the method returns a list with two 0/1 elements that indicate whether the
width and height of $toplevel are currently resizable. By default, windows are resizable in both
dimensions. If resizing is disabled, then the window's size will be the size from the most recent
interactive resize or geometry method. If there has been no such operation then the window's natural
size will be used.
$toplevel->sizefrom(?who?)
If who is specified, it must be either program or user, or an abbreviation of one of these two. It
indicates whether $toplevel's current size was requested by the program or by the user. Some window
managers ignore program-requested sizes and ask the user to manually size the window; if user is
specified then the window manager should give the window its specified size without asking the user
for assistance. If who is specified as an empty string, then the current size source is cancelled.
If who is specified, then the method returns an empty string. Otherwise it returns user or $widget
to indicate the source of the window's current size, or an empty string if no source has been
specified yet. Most window managers interpret ``no source'' as equivalent to program.
$toplevel->stackorder( ?isabove|isbelow $toplevel? );
The stackorder command returns a list of toplevel windows in stacking order, from lowest to
highest. When a single toplevel window is passed, the returned list recursively includes all of the
window's children that are toplevels. Only those toplevels that are currently mapped to the
screen are returned. The stackorder command can also be used to determine if one toplevel is
positioned above or below a second toplevel. When two window arguments separated by either isabove
or isbelow are passed, a boolean result indicates whether or not the first window is currently above
or below the second window in the stacking order.
$toplevel->state(?newstate?)
If newstate is specified, the window will be set to the new state, otherwise it returns the current
state of $toplevel: either normal, iconic, withdrawn, icon, or (Windows only) zoomed. The difference
between iconic and icon is that iconic refers to a window that has been iconified (e.g., with the
iconify method) while icon refers to a window whose only purpose is to serve as the icon for some
other window (via the iconwindow method). The icon state cannot be set.
$toplevel->title(?string?)
If string is specified, then it will be passed to the window manager for use as the title for
$toplevel (the window manager should display this string in $toplevel's title bar). In this case the
method returns an empty string. If string isn't specified then the method returns the current title
for the $toplevel. The title for a window defaults to its name.
$toplevel->transient(?master?)
If master is specified, then the window manager is informed that $toplevel is a transient window
(e.g. pull-down menu) working on behalf of master (where master is a top-level window). Some window
managers will use this information to manage $toplevel specially. If master is specified as an empty
string then $toplevel is marked as not being a transient window any more. If master is specified,
then the method returns an empty string. Otherwise the method returns the path name of $toplevel's
current master, or an empty string if $toplevel isn't currently a transient window.
$toplevel->withdraw
Arranges for $toplevel to be withdrawn from the screen. This causes the window to be unmapped and
forgotten about by the window manager. If the window has never been mapped, then this method causes
the window to be mapped in the withdrawn state. Not all window managers appear to know how to handle
windows that are mapped in the withdrawn state. Note: it sometimes seems to be necessary to withdraw
a window and then re-map it (e.g. with deiconify) to get some window managers to pay attention to
changes in window attributes such as group.
$toplevel->wrapper
Returns a list of two elements: the window id of the wrapper window in which Tk has placed $toplevel,
and the height of the menu bar. The id is the one by which window manager will know $toplevel, and so
is appropriate place to add X properties. The menu height is only returned on X. On Windows, this
value is always zero.
ICON SIZES
The sizes of bitmaps/images that can be used as icons in this manner are platform and window manager
dependent. Unix window managers are typically more tolerant than Win32. It is possible that coloured
"iconimage" icons may cause problems on some X window managers.
• Win32
"iconimage" and "iconbitmap" set the "large" icon, which should be 32x32, it will automatically be
scaled down to 16x16 for use as a small icon. Win32 ignores "iconwin" requests.
• KDE's "kwm"
Accepts coloured "iconimage" and black and white "iconbitmap" but will scale either to a small
(14x14?) icon. Kwm ignores "iconwin".
• Sun's "olwm" or "olvwm"
Honours "iconwin" which will override "iconimage" or "iconbitmap". Coloured images work.
• Sun's CDE window manager
Coloured images work. ...
GEOMETRY MANAGEMENT
By default a top-level window appears on the screen in its natural size, which is the one determined
internally by its widgets and geometry managers. If the natural size of a top-level window changes, then
the window's size changes to match. A top-level window can be given a size other than its natural size
in two ways. First, the user can resize the window manually using the facilities of the window manager,
such as resize handles. Second, the application can request a particular size for a top-level window
using the geometry method. These two cases are handled identically by Tk; in either case, the requested
size overrides the natural size. You can return the window to its natural by invoking geometry with an
empty geometry string.
Normally a top-level window can have any size from one pixel in each dimension up to the size of its
screen. However, you can use the minsize and maxsize methods to limit the range of allowable sizes. The
range set by minsize and maxsize applies to all forms of resizing, including the window's natural size as
well as manual resizes and the geometry method. You can also use the method resizable to completely
disable interactive resizing in one or both dimensions.
GRIDDED GEOMETRY MANAGEMENT
Gridded geometry management occurs when one of the widgets of an application supports a range of useful
sizes. This occurs, for example, in a text editor where the scrollbars, menus, and other adornments are
fixed in size but the edit widget can support any number of lines of text or characters per line. In
this case, it is usually desirable to let the user specify the number of lines or characters-per-line,
either with the geometry method or by interactively resizing the window. In the case of text, and in
other interesting cases also, only discrete sizes of the window make sense, such as integral numbers of
lines and characters-per-line; arbitrary pixel sizes are not useful.
Gridded geometry management provides support for this kind of application. Tk (and the window manager)
assume that there is a grid of some sort within the application and that the application should be
resized in terms of grid units rather than pixels. Gridded geometry management is typically invoked by
turning on the setGrid option for a widget; it can also be invoked with the wmGrid method or by calling
Tk_SetGrid. In each of these approaches the particular widget (or sometimes code in the application as a
whole) specifies the relationship between integral grid sizes for the window and pixel sizes. To return
to non-gridded geometry management, invoke grid with empty argument strings.
When gridded geometry management is enabled then all the dimensions specified in minsize, maxsize, and
geometry methods are treated as grid units rather than pixel units. Interactive resizing is also carried
out in even numbers of grid units rather than pixels.
BUGS
Most existing window managers appear to have bugs that affect the operation of the wm methods. For
example, some changes won't take effect if the window is already active: the window will have to be
withdrawn and de-iconified in order to make the change happen.
SEE ALSO
Tk::Widget Tk::tixWm Tk::Mwm
KEYWORDS
aspect ratio, deiconify, focus model, geometry, grid, group, icon, iconify, increments, position, size,
title, top-level window, units, window manager
perl v5.38.2 2024-04-01 Wm(3pm)