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NAME
chmod, fchmod, lchmod, fchmodat — change mode of file
LIBRARY
Standard C Library (libc, -lc)
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/stat.h>
int
chmod(const char *path, mode_t mode);
int
fchmod(int fd, mode_t mode);
int
lchmod(const char *path, mode_t mode);
int
fchmodat(int fd, const char *path, mode_t mode, int flag);
DESCRIPTION
The file permission bits of the file named specified by path or referenced by the file descriptor fd are
changed to mode. The chmod() system call verifies that the process owner (user) either owns the file
specified by path (or fd), or is the super-user. The chmod() system call follows symbolic links to
operate on the target of the link rather than the link itself.
The lchmod() system call is similar to chmod() but does not follow symbolic links.
The fchmodat() is equivalent to either chmod() or lchmod() depending on the flag except in the case where
path specifies a relative path. In this case the file to be changed is determined relative to the
directory associated with the file descriptor fd instead of the current working directory. The values
for the flag are constructed by a bitwise-inclusive OR of flags from the following list, defined in
<fcntl.h>:
AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
If path names a symbolic link, then the mode of the symbolic link is changed.
If fchmodat() is passed the special value AT_FDCWD in the fd parameter, the current working directory is
used. If also flag is zero, the behavior is identical to a call to chmod().
A mode is created from or'd permission bit masks defined in <sys/stat.h>:
#define S_IRWXU 0000700 /* RWX mask for owner */
#define S_IRUSR 0000400 /* R for owner */
#define S_IWUSR 0000200 /* W for owner */
#define S_IXUSR 0000100 /* X for owner */
#define S_IRWXG 0000070 /* RWX mask for group */
#define S_IRGRP 0000040 /* R for group */
#define S_IWGRP 0000020 /* W for group */
#define S_IXGRP 0000010 /* X for group */
#define S_IRWXO 0000007 /* RWX mask for other */
#define S_IROTH 0000004 /* R for other */
#define S_IWOTH 0000002 /* W for other */
#define S_IXOTH 0000001 /* X for other */
#define S_ISUID 0004000 /* set user id on execution */
#define S_ISGID 0002000 /* set group id on execution */
#define S_ISVTX 0001000 /* sticky bit */
The non-standard S_ISTXT is a synonym for S_ISVTX.
The FreeBSD VM system totally ignores the sticky bit (S_ISVTX) for executables. On UFS-based file
systems (FFS, LFS) the sticky bit may only be set upon directories.
If mode S_ISVTX (the `sticky bit') is set on a directory, an unprivileged user may not delete or rename
files of other users in that directory. The sticky bit may be set by any user on a directory which the
user owns or has appropriate permissions. For more details of the properties of the sticky bit, see
sticky(7).
If mode ISUID (set UID) is set on a directory, and the MNT_SUIDDIR option was used in the mount of the
file system, then the owner of any new files and sub-directories created within this directory are set to
be the same as the owner of that directory. If this function is enabled, new directories will inherit
the bit from their parents. Execute bits are removed from the file, and it will not be given to root.
This behavior does not change the requirements for the user to be allowed to write the file, but only the
eventual owner after it has been created. Group inheritance is not affected.
This feature is designed for use on fileservers serving PC users via ftp, SAMBA, or netatalk. It
provides security holes for shell users and as such should not be used on shell machines, especially on
home directories. This option requires the SUIDDIR option in the kernel to work. Only UFS file systems
support this option. For more details of the suiddir mount option, see mount(8).
Writing or changing the owner of a file turns off the set-user-id and set-group-id bits unless the user
is the super-user. This makes the system somewhat more secure by protecting set-user-id (set-group-id)
files from remaining set-user-id (set-group-id) if they are modified, at the expense of a degree of
compatibility.
RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion, the value 0 is returned; otherwise the value -1 is returned and the global
variable errno is set to indicate the error.
ERRORS
The chmod() system call will fail and the file mode will be unchanged if:
[ENOTDIR] A component of the path prefix is not a directory.
[ENAMETOOLONG] A component of a pathname exceeded 255 characters, or an entire path name exceeded
1023 characters.
[ENOENT] The named file does not exist.
[EACCES] Search permission is denied for a component of the path prefix.
[ELOOP] Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating the pathname.
[EPERM] The effective user ID does not match the owner of the file and the effective user ID
is not the super-user.
[EPERM] The effective user ID is not the super-user, the effective user ID do match the owner
of the file, but the group ID of the file does not match the effective group ID nor
one of the supplementary group IDs.
[EPERM] The named file has its immutable or append-only flag set, see the chflags(2) manual
page for more information.
[EROFS] The named file resides on a read-only file system.
[EFAULT] The path argument points outside the process's allocated address space.
[EIO] An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to the file system.
[EINTEGRITY] Corrupted data was detected while reading from the file system.
[EFTYPE] The effective user ID is not the super-user, the mode includes the sticky bit
(S_ISVTX), and path does not refer to a directory.
The fchmod() system call will fail if:
[EBADF] The descriptor is not valid.
[EINVAL] The fd argument refers to a socket, not to a file.
[EROFS] The file resides on a read-only file system.
[EIO] An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to the file system.
[EINTEGRITY] Corrupted data was detected while reading from the file system.
In addition to the chmod() errors, fchmodat() fails if:
[EBADF] The path argument does not specify an absolute path and the fd argument is neither
AT_FDCWD nor a valid file descriptor open for searching.
[EINVAL] The value of the flag argument is not valid.
[ENOTDIR] The path argument is not an absolute path and fd is neither AT_FDCWD nor a file
descriptor associated with a directory.
SEE ALSO
chmod(1), chflags(2), chown(2), open(2), stat(2), sticky(7)
STANDARDS
The chmod() system call is expected to conform to ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990 (“POSIX.1”), except for the return
of EFTYPE. The S_ISVTX bit on directories is expected to conform to Version 3 of the Single UNIX
Specification (“SUSv3”). The fchmodat() system call is expected to conform to IEEE Std 1003.1-2008
(“POSIX.1”).
HISTORY
The chmod() function appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX. The fchmod() system call appeared in 4.2BSD. The
lchmod() system call appeared in FreeBSD 3.0. The fchmodat() system call appeared in FreeBSD 8.0.
Debian March 30, 2020 CHMOD(2)