Provided by: levee_4.0-1_amd64 
NAME
levee - A Screen Oriented Editor.
SYNOPSIS
levee [+address] [file ...]
DESCRIPTION
Levee is a screen oriented editor based on the Unix editor "vi". It provides a terse, powerful way to
enter and edit text. (However, if you want a word-processor, you're better off with WordStar.)
Levee is a moded editor. It operates in 3 modes -- visual, command, and insert. Most of the editing
work is done is visual mode, file reading and writing is done in command mode, and insert mode does
what you would expect.
When you enter Levee, you may specify an address to start editing at. These addresses are in the
same format as command mode addresses, except that a naked + will put you at the very end of the file.
Levee is copyright (c) 1982-2015 by David L. Parsons. (See the notice at the end of this document for
distribution terms.)
COMMAND MODE COMMANDS
These commands are used for editing new files, writing modified files, changing options, doing
substitutions, and a subset of the visual commands. They take as input whole lines, terminated by
return (to execute), or escape (to abort.)
Command mode is reached by typing ":" or "Q" from visual mode. If you enter command mode by typing ":",
Levee will execute one command, then return to visual mode after prompting you with "[more]".
If you type anything except a space or return, Levee will accept another command, and so forth. If,
however, you enter command mode via "Q", Levee will remain in command mode until you enter the
"visual" command.
A NOTE ON COMMAND SYNTAX
A command may be preceded by an optional line-range. If you do not provide a line-range, Levee will use
the default line-range shown by the command. A line-range is one or two address specifications in the
following format:
(.|$|'x|#) [ (+|-) (/patt/|?patt?|#) ]
. current line.
$ last line.
'x the line with mark x on it.
# line #.
For example, ".-5,.+5p" will print every line within ten lines of the current line. "$-5" is the fifth
line from the end of the file, and "/end/+2" is the second line past the next occurrence of the
pattern "end". Patterns may be regular expressions (see below.)
Also, a naked line-range will set the current line to the first line in the range and print all the
lines in that range. "1,10" sets the current line to 1, then prints lines 1 to 10.
If you specify a non-existent line in a range, the command
will abort and Levee will tell you "bad address".
Command mode commands
args Show the current argument list, if one exists. The file that you are currently editing will be
framed by '[' and ']'.
(.,.)change
Delete lines, then enter insert mode.
(.,.)delete
Delete lines. Deleted lines are stored in a Yank Buffer for later putback with "put".
edit[!] [file]
Discard the current file and start editing a new one. If changes were made to the current file,
you must enter "edit!" to force Levee to discard the changes. If you do not specify a filename,
Levee will try to reedit the current filename.
When Levee reads in a new file, it will tell you how many bytes it read in, or [overflow] if the
file is larger than the internal buffer (256000 bytes on most platforms; 20k on USCD Pascal.)
execmode
Remain in command mode until you use the "visual" command.
file[name]
Echo what the current filename is, its status, and the current line. If you provide it with a
name, it will change the filename to that.
(.)insert
Insert text above the current line. If you specify a line number, Levee will make that the current
line, then insert above it.
Insert mode commands
^W Back over the last word you entered.
^H Back over one character.
^U Back over all input on this line.
^V Escape the next character typed. (For example, ^V^H will put a ^H into the file.)
ESC Exit insert mode.
^D If at start of line, reduce indentation 'shiftwidth' columns.
^T If at start of line, increase indentation 'shiftwidth' columns.
When in insert mode, Levee will not allow you to enter any control characters except return and tab.
Return ends input on this line and opens a new line for input.
map[!][key[text]]
Define/list macros. There are 3 forms of map:
map. This lists all the active macros.
map(key).
This shows the macro associated with (key), if any.
map(key) (text)
This maps (key) to (text). You may map any key except ":" and escape. In the normal form (map),
the macro will be effective in visual mode, but in the alternate form, (map!), the macro will be
effective in insert and command modes.
For example, if you map!ped return to "hello world", every time you entered a return in command or visual
mode, the string "hello world" would pop up.
next[file...]
Edit the next file in the arglist, or edit a new arglist. Levee takes its initial arglist off the
command line when you execute it. If "autowrite" is set, Levee will write out the changes to the
current file before editing the next one.
(.)open
Insert below the current line. Otherwise just like insert.
previous
Edit the previous file in the arglist. Otherwise, like next.
(.,.)print
Display lines without changing the current line.
(.)put Put the contents of the yank buffer back on the line below the current line. If you specify a
line, it resets the current line, then puts the yank buffer back. The yank buffer is filled by the
delete, change, or yank commands. Put does not destroy the yank buffer, so you may put back text
multiple times.
quit[!]
Exit Levee. If you want to discard changes, use "quit!"
(.)read[file]
Put the contents of 'file' after the current line.
set[option=value]
Set a tunable variable. Levee has a dozen or so user-definable variables which you can twiddle via
this command. There are boolean, integer, and string variables that you can set. A string or
integer variable is set by "set xxx=yyy", a boolean variable is set via "set xxx" or "set noxxx".
Here are the settable variables (and abbreviations):
tabsize(ts)
tab stop
shiftwidth(sw)
columns to shift on ^D, ^T, >>, or <<
scroll number of lines to scroll on ^D, ^U
autoindent(ai)
Supply indentation during insert mode.
autowrite(aw)
Write out changes before :next, :prev.
autocopy(ac)
Make backup copies before writing changes.
list Display tabs as ^I, end of line as $.
magic Use regular expressions in searches.
suffix If the filename does not have a . in it, supply the suffix. (This is the only string variable.)
overwrite(ow)
Destroy old file first, then write.
beautify(be)
When set, Levee will not allow insert of any control character except tab and return unless you
escape it with ctrl-V.
wrapscan
Searches wrap around end of buffer.
ignorecase(ic)
Ignore the case of alphabetic characters during searches.
mapslash
(ST version only) Map "/" in filenames to "\". If the environment contains `mapslash' when levee
is called, this variable will default to true, otherwise it defaults to false. (See the
documentation for the Teeny-shell on how the teeny-shell interprets `mapslash')
lines(li)
(ST version only) How many lines on the display. This is primarily for running levee through the
serial port - put set li=xx into your LVRC for a xx line terminal.
cols(co)
(ST version only) How many columns on the display. Like the lines variable, it's for running
levee through the serial port.
You may set multiple variables on one line, as in 'set ws noai'. To see the current settings of these
variables, :set -- without any arguments -- will show the current settings.
At startup, Levee looks in the environment variable LVRC for a list of variables to set (GEMDOS/MS-DOS).
LVRC is one line of the form 'option=value ...'. If you have a LVRC defined that is 'ts=4 ow nows', Levee
will set tabsize to 4, turn on overwrite, and turn off wrapscan.
If you are using RMX, Levee looks in the file ":home:r?lvrc" for initialization. If you are using
Osy/SWOs, Levee looks in the file "*.lvrc". The format of these files are different from the LVRC
variable -- see "source" for more information.
sourcefile
Take command mode commands from 'file'. These commands can be any legal command, except "visual".
If a error happens during execution of 'file', Levee abandons that level of source'ing.
In Osy/SWOs, there are a few differences in insert mode from within a sourced file. No character
has special meaning except a line containing nothing but a period, which terminates insert mode.
For example:
:commands
:insert
blah blah blah blah blah blah
blah blah blah blah blah blah
blah blah blah blah blah blah
:more commands
If you are running Levee under any other operating system, you cannot do a insert from a :source file.
(.,.)substitute(delim)patt(delim)repl(delim)[qcpg]
(.,.)substitute&
Search for patt and replace it with repl. Levee will look for patt once on each line and replace
it with repl. The delimiter may be any ascii character.
The pattern is a regular expression, just like a search pattern.
You may include parts of the pattern in the replacement string; A '&' in the replacement pattern
copies in the whole source pattern, so if you do a 'sub/this/& and that/g', every instance of
'this' will be replaced with 'this and that'. Also, you may pull parts of the pattern out by
using the \( and \) argument meta-characters. Arguments gotten by \( & \) are put into the
replacement string everywhere you do a \1..\9 [ \1 is the first argument you set up with \( & \)
]. So, if you want to reverse the order of two substrings, you can do
'sub/\(string1\)\(string2\)/\2\1/'.
substitute& redoes the last substitution.
Options:
q,c Before doing the substitute, display the affected line and wait for you to type a character. If
you type 'y', it will do the substitution. 'q' aborts the substitute, 'a' does the rest of the
change without prompting, and 'n' does not do it.
p Print the affected lines after the change.
g Do the change globally. That is, do it for every occurrence of patt on a line, rather than just
once.
undo Undo the last modification to the file (except :edit, :next, :rm, or :write.) You can only undo
the last change to a file -- undo counts as a change. :undo followed by :undo does nothing to the
file.
unmap(key)
Undefine a macro (see map).
visual[list]
If you entered command mode by "Q" or "execmode", return to visual mode. If you provide an
argument list, it also does a `:next' on that list.
version
Show which version of levee this is.
(.,.)write [file]
Write lines to a file. If you write the everything to 'file', the filename is set to 'file', and
if you do not specify a file, Levee will write to the filename.
(.,.)wq [file]
Write to a file, then quit.
(.,.)yank
Yank lines from the file into the yank buffer, for later putback with "put".
xit[!] Write changes to the current file, then exit. If there are more files in the arglist, use "xit!"
![command]
Execute command.
Example:
!ls => does a 'ls'.
This command is available only under GEMDOS, MSDOS, RMX, and Unix.
($)= Give the line number of the addressed line. /end/= gives you the line number of the next line with
a 'end' on it.
VISUAL MODE COMMANDS
Visual mode commands move you around and modify the file. There are movement commands to move the
cursor by a variety of objects.
In the description, a (#) means a optional count. If a command has a optional count, it will tell you
what the count does in parenthesis. A (*) means that the command can be used in the delete, yank, and
change commands.
Counts are made up by entering digits. If you type '45', the count will be set to 45. To cancel a
count, type ESC.
This section discusses 'whitespace' occasionally. Whitespace is tabs, spaces, and end of line.
How the display works
Characters are displayed on the screen as you would expect, except that nonprinting characters
are shown as ^x, and tabs expand to spaces ( unless you set the option list, then they show as ^I.)
When sitting on a control character or tab, the cursor is placed on the FIRST character displayed. If you
move the cursor to any other part of them ( via j or k -- see below), any changes will start at the next
character.
Levee does not display a end of file marker, but lines past the end of the file are denoted by ~
lines.
If list is set, tabs display as ^I, and the end of line displays as $.
If a line is too long for the screen, it will just disappear off the end of the screen.
Levee will handle any screen resolution and any monospaced font you hand it ( if you are running in low
resolution, Levee will give you a 25x40 window, for example.)
Visual mode commands
^A Show a debugging message at the bottom of the screen. This is not at all useful unless you are
debugging the editor. Ignore it.
(#)^D Scroll the screen down a half screen. If a count is specified, scroll down the specified number of
lines.
^E Scroll down 1 line (shorthand for 1^D )
^G Show file statistics. Exactly like ':file'.
(*)(#)^H
Move the cursor left one (count) chars.
^I Redraw the screen.
(*)(#)^J
Move down one (count) lines. When you use ^J and ^K (below) to move up or down lines, the cursor
will remain in the same column, even if it is in the middle of a tabstop or past the end of a
line.
(*)(#)^K
Move up one (count) lines.
(*)(#)^L
Move right one (count) characters.
(*)(#)^M
Move to the first nonwhite space on the next line. If a count is specified, move to the first
nonwhite count lines down.
(#)^U Scroll the screen up a half page. If a count is specified, scroll up count lines.
^Y Scroll the screen up 1 line (shorthand for 1^U.)
(#)a Insert text AFTER the cursor. If you give a count, the insertion will be repeated count times (
40i-ESC will give you a line of 40 dashes).
The commands in insert mode are the same for visual and command mode.
(*)(#)b
Move to the beginning of the last word (the count'th word back). A word is a collection of
alphanumeric characters (a-z0-9$_#) or any other nonwhite character (i.e. anything but space, tab,
eoln).
c Change a object. Change deletes an object, then enters insert mode without redrawing the screen.
When you tell it the object to be changed, Levee puts a '$' on the last character of the object.
You cannot change backwards.
The object may be any visual mode command marked with a '(*) '. For example, 'c4l' will change the
next 4 characters on the line to something else. (4cl does the same thing -- 4c4l changes the next
16 characters on this line.)
'cc' will change whole lines.
When changing, deleting, or yanking a object, it will be placed into a yank buffer, where it can
be retrieved by the 'p' or 'P' commands.
(#)d Delete an object. Like 'cc', 'dd' affects whole lines.
(*)(#)e
Move to the end of the current word.
(*)(#)f(x)
Find the next (count'th) occurrence of a character on the current line. For example, if the
cursor is sitting on the first character of the line 'abcdef', typing "ff" will put the cursor on
the 'f'.
g Move to the start of the file. Shorthand for 1G. (See below for G.)
(*)(#)h
Move left one (count) characters. Exactly like ^H.
(#)i Start inserting characters at the cursor. If you specify a count, the insertion will be duplicated
count times.
(*)(#)j
Move down one (count) lines. Exactly like ^J.
(*)(#)k
Move up one (count) lines. Exactly like ^K.
(*)(#)l
Move right one (count) character. Exactly like ^L.
m(x) Set the marker (x). There are 26 markers available (a-z). You may move to a marker by use of the '
or ` commands.
(*)n Find the next occurrence of a search pattern. When you do a search with a / or ? command, Levee
will remember the pattern and the direction you searched in. 'n' will search in the same direction
for the pattern, 'N' searches in the opposite direction.
o Open a line below the current line for insertion.
p Put yanked/deleted text back after the cursor. Text is yanked by the delete (d,x,X,D), change
(c,C,s,S), and yank (y,Y) commands.
(#)r(x)
Replace characters (up to end of line) with (x). '4ra' will change the next 4 characters after the
cursor into 'aaaa'.
(#)s change one (count) characters. Shorthand for (#)cl.
(*)(#)t(x)
Move up to a character on the current line. If you are on the first character of the line 'abcdef'
and you type 'tf', you will end up sitting on the 'e'.
u Undo last modification. You can undo ANY modification command except :edit, :next, :rm, or :write.
(Just like :undo).
(*)(#)v
Move back to the very end of the previous (count'th) word. See 'b' for the definition of a word.
(*)(#)w
Move up to the very beginning of the next (count'th) word.
(#)x Delete one (count) characters forward. Shorthand for (#)dl.
y Yank an object for later use by put. 'yy' yanks whole lines.
A Append text at the end of the line. Shorthand for $a.
(*)(#)B
Move to the beginning of the current word. Exactly like 'b'.
NOTE: this is incorrect. the capitalized word movement commands should, and will in the future, be
used for movement by space-delimited words.
C Change to the end of the line. Shorthand for c$.
D Delete to the end of the line. Shorthand for d$.
(*)(#)F(x)
Move to the first (count'th) previous occurrence of a character on the current line. If you are
sitting at the end of the line 'abcdef', typing "Fa" will move you back to the 'a' at the start of
the line.
(*)(#)G
Goto line. If you specify a count, Levee will move to that line, and if there is no count, Levee
moves to the absolute end of the file.
To get to the start of the file, type "1G". To the end, just "G". As a convenience, "g" also moves
to the start of the file.
(*)H Move to the first nonwhite character at the top of the screen.
I Insert at the end of the current line. Shorthand for $i.
(#)J Join two (count+1) lines together. Joining appends the second line at the end of the first,
putting a space between them. If the first line ends in whitespace, Levee will not put in a space.
(*)L Move to the last nonwhite character on the last line of the screen.
(*)M Move to the first nonwhite character in the middle of the screen.
O Open a line above the current line. Otherwise works just like 'o'.
P Put back the yank buffer at the cursor. Otherwise works just like 'p'.
Q Enter and remain in command mode. Just like the command :exec. To get back to visual mode, you
must enter the command ':visual'.
R Replace mode. A limited subset of insert mode that overwrites characters up to end of line. All of
the normal insert mode commands apply. If you overwrite a character, then back over it with
^H,^U, or ^W, it will reappear after you exit Replace mode.
Escape exits replace mode.
NOTE: due to a bug, entering a <return> in Replace mode will drop you back into visual mode with
an error. The replacements you have made will remain.
S Change characters backwards. Shorthand for (#)ch.
(*)(#)T(x)
Move back to character on current line. If you are on the last character of the line 'abcdef',
typing "Ta" will move you back to the 'b'.
(*)(#)W
Move to end of word. Exactly like 'e'.
(#)X Delete characters backwards. Shorthand for (#)dh.
Y Yank to end of line. Shorthand for y$.
ZZ Write changes to current file and exit if last file in arglist. Exactly like :xit.
(*)(#)$
Move to end of line. If you give a count, move to the end of the (count-1) line down (so 2$ moves
you to the end of the next line.).
0 Move to the beginning of the current line. Shorthand for 0|.
(#)! Pipe an object through an external program. Like 'cc', '!!' affects whole lines.
(*)% Find matching bracket, parenthesis, or squiggly bracket. If you are not sitting on a '[]{}()',
Levee will search forward for one of them on the current line, then match whatever it finds.
[space]
Move to the first nonwhite character on the current line.
& Redo last substitution command.
(*)(#){
Move to the beginning of the count'th paragraph back. A paragraph is delimited by a blank line.
(*)(#)}
Move to the end of the count'th paragraph forward.
(*)(#)(
Move to the beginning of the count'th sentence back. A sentence is delimited by a ., a !, or a ?
followed by a space, a tab, or end of line.
(*)(#))
Move to the end of the count'th sentence forward.
(*)(#)-
Move to the (count'th) previous line, first nonwhite.
(*)(#)+
Move to the (count'th) next line, first nonwhite.
(#)~ Change the case of the next count characters. Upper case becomes lowercase, lowercase becomes
uppercase.
(*)`(x)
Move to the exact position of mark (x). There is a special mark for some of the visual mode
movement commands -- '' will move you to where you were before the last (,),',`,G,/,?,n,N command.
: Execute one command mode command. When the command is done, it will return to visual mode if it
produces one line of output, but if it scrolls the screen, Levee will prompt [more] before
returning to visual mode. If you type a : in response to the [more] prompt, Levee will remain in
command mode for one more command.
(#)<(#)
Shift one (count) objects left. If you specify a second count, Levee will shift the object left
that many columns -- if you do not, they will be shifted shiftwidth columns.
This is a nondestructive shift. If the shift would carry past the left margin, the objects will be
moved up to the left margin but no farther.
Like the other object movement commands, '<<' will affect whole lines.
(#)>(#)
Shift one (count) objects right. Just like <, except it will not shift objects past the right
margin of the screen. If you do shift an object past the right margin of the screen, all of its
indent will be removed and it will end up by the left margin.
. Repeat last modification command. (except undo)
(*)? Search for pattern backwards. Escape aborts the search pattern, and a empty pattern means search
for the last pattern again.
(*)/ Search for pattern forwards. Otherwise like ?.
(#)| Move to specified column. If you don't have a count, move to column 0.
REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
Levee gives special meanings to some characters during a pattern match. The character "." will match
any one char, the character "*" will match zero or more occurrences of the previous char ( so, a* will
match 'a','aa','aaa', etc, or it will match nothing at all). If a pattern begins with "^", it will only
match at the beginning of a line, and patterns ending with a "$" will only match at the end of a line.
Brackets ('[]') have special meaning as well. They mean match any one of the characters inside the
brackets. '[abc]' will match 'a', 'b', or 'c'. You may specify a range of characters inside brackets
by using a dash (-). '[a-z]' will match any lowercase alphabetic character. If ^ is the first character
in the bracket, it means match any character except those in the brackets. '[^abc]' will match
anything except 'a','b', or 'c'.
Backslash takes away special meaning for these chars, but '\t' specifies a tab, and \( & \)
delimit arguments inside a pattern (used only by :substitute.) The patterns \< and \> have special
meaning, too; they match the start and end of alpha-numeric tokens.
If you turn off the editor variable 'magic', none of the above characters will have special
meaning inside of a pattern (see 'set').
Some example patterns:
^end$ Find a line that is just 'end'.
[Ee][Nn][Dd]
Find a 'end', ignoring case.
[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9]*
Find the next identifier.
([*].*[*])
Find the next one-line pascal comment.
<the> Find the next occurrence of `the'.
LIMITATIONS
Levee can only edit files up to 256000 characters long. ^M is used as its internal line separator, so
inserting ^M will have interesting consequences.
BUGS
Probably infinite.
AUTHOR
David L. Parsons (orc@pell.portland.or.us)
Testing, suggestions, and impractical design goals by: Jim Bolland. John Tainter. John Plocher.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 1982-2015 David L. Parsons
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, without or without modification, are permitted
provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are duplicated in all such forms and that any
documentation, advertising materials, and other materials related to such distribution and use
acknowledge that the software was developed by David L. Parsons (orc@pell.portland.or.us). My name may
not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written
permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING,
WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Mastodon Linux 29 August 1998 LEVEE(1)