Provided by: netpipes_4.2-8build1_amd64 
NAME
encapsulate - multiplex several channels over a single socket with sampling of remote process exit
status, and provide conversation termination without closing the socket.
netpipes 4.2
SYNOPSIS
encapsulate --fd n [ --verbose ] [ --subproc [ --infd n[=sid] ] [ --outfd n[=sid] ] [ --duplex n[=sid] ]
[ --Duplex n[=sid] ] [ --DUPLEX n[=sid] ] [ --prefer-local ] [ --prefer-remote ] [ --local-only ] [
--remote-only ] ] [ --client ] [ --server ] -[#n][v][s[in][on][dn][ion][oin][l][r][L][R]] command args
...
DESCRIPTION
encapsulate implements the Session Control Protocol (SCP) in a limited manner. encapsulate multiplexes
several virtual channels over a single socket using SCP. encapsulate transmits the exit status of the
local program to the remote end over a reserved SCP channel and receives the remote exit status back.
encapsulate provides conversation boundaries without closing the socket.
Flags may appear in any order. The first argument that isn't a flag is the command to spawn (assuming
--subproc is specified, an error otherwise).
OPTIONS
--fd n, -#n : specify the file descriptor of the socket we will be multiplexing subprocess channels over.
This argument is required
--verbose, -v : Print extra information (including a copyright notice) to stderr.
--subproc, -s : spawn a subprocess. You must supply a command and args. If you omit this flag, then you
must not supply a command and args. If you omit this flag, encapsulate will copy input from stdin to an
outgoing channel in the SCP-muxed socket and copy to stdout from an incoming channel in the SCP-muxed
socket. If you omit this flag, all of the input and output channel flags are illegal.
--infd n, -in : specify an input channel. If there is a subprocess, it will be able to read from
descriptor n. If there is no subprocess encapsulate will read from its descriptor n (these are opposite
polarities for the SCP channel).
--outfd n, -on : specify an output channel. If there is a subprocess, it will be able to write to
descriptor n. If there is no subprocess encapsulate will write to its descriptor n (these are opposite
polarities for the SCP channel).
--duplex n, -ion : specify a bidirectional channel. The remote encapsulate will send the SCP SYN packet,
and the local will respond with a SYN for the same session. The subprocess will be able to read and
write to file descriptor n. The subprocess should use the sockdown(1) program if it must close one
direction while leaving the other direction open.
--Duplex n, -dn : specify a bidirectional channel. The --client end of the encapsulate connection sends
the SCP SYN packet and --server responds with a SYN for the same session. The subprocess will be able to
read and write to file descriptor n. The subprocess should use the sockdown(1) program if it must close
one direction while leaving the other direction open.
--DUPLEX n, -oin : specify a bidirectional channel. The local encapsulate will send the SCP SYN packet,
and the remote will respond with a SYN for the same session. The subprocess will be able to read and
write to file descriptor n. The subprocess should use the sockdown(1) program if it must close one
direction while leaving the other direction open.
All of the long forms of the bidirectional channel have an optional =sid component that can be used to
specify the SCP Session ID. This is not very useful when connecting encapsulate to another instance of
itself, but could be handy when connecting to another piece of software that implements SCP.
--prefer-local, -l : if both the remote and local subprocesses exit with non-zero (erroneous) codes,
encapsulate will exit with the same code as the local subprocess. This is the default.
--prefer-remote, -r : if both the remote and local subprocesses exit with non-zero (erroneous) codes,
encapsulate will exit with the same code as the remote subprocess.
--local-only, -L : encapsulate exits with the local status and ignores the remote status.
--remote-only, -R : encapsulate exits with the remote status and ignores the local status.
SESSION IDs AND SUBPROCESS CHANNELS
When specifying channels for the subprocess, the order of the flags is very important. Every flag to the
local encapsulate must have a corresponding flag on the remote encapsulate that is in the exact same
position (in the list of channels). The descriptor numbers need not correspond, but the position and
type of each channel must.
A lamentably complicating factor is that the data flow implied by --infd and --outfd are different when
you specify a subprocess.
Local Remote
--infd w/subproc --outfd w/subproc
--infd w/subproc --infd
--infd --infd w/subproc
--infd --outfd
--outfd w/subproc --infd w/subproc
--outfd w/subproc --outfd
--outfd --outfd w/subproc
--outfd --infd
--duplex --DUPLEX
--Duplex --Duplex
--DUPLEX --duplex
RIGHT:
l$ encapsulate --infd 0 --duplex 5
r$ encapsulate --outfd 1 --DUPLEX 5
WRONG:
l$ encapsulate --infd 0 --duplex 5
r$ encapsulate --outfd 1 --duplex 5
--duplex must have a corresponding --DUPLEX on the remote end.
l$ encapsulate --infd 0 --duplex 5
r$ encapsulate --DUPLEX 5 --outfd 1
--infd must have a corresponding --outfd on the remote end. It's out of order and the channels will be
allocated incorrectly leading to protocol errors.
If you understand the source code for encapsulate, you can violate these guidelines, but it is
unnecessary, error-prone, and ill-advised; besides, you don't really understand the source code. Don't
do it.
CLIENT -VS- SERVER
The SCP has an implicit polarity. One end is the server and the other end is the client. You can
specify which end is which using --client and --server. If you do not specify one, then encapsulate will
compare the addresses of both ends of the socket (specified with --fd) and use a deterministic algorithm
to pick one to be the server and one to be the client. If the remote address of the socket does not
correspond to the remote encapsulate (e.g. the packets are being forwarded through a plugged gateway, the
addresses are being masqueraded, or are otherwise percieved inconsistently by the two ends) then this
algorithm has a good chance of "failing" and assigning both to be server or both to be client.
The only time you should ever let encapsulate choose between client and server is in interactive
situations. It is very likely that a software system built around encapsulate will be reused in a
situation where the automatic polarity assignment fails.
EXAMPLES
Here's a simple file transfer daemon:
server$ faucet 3001 --once --fd3 \
sh -c 'while ~/src/netpipes4.0/encapsulate --fd 3 -so5i4 \
sh -c "fname=`cat 0<&4`; echo \$fname; cat < \$fname 1>&5"; \
do true; done'
client$ hose server 3001 --retry 10 --delay 1 --fd3 \
sh -c 'while read fname; do \
~/src/netpipes4.0/encapsulate --fd 3 -si4o5 \
sh -c "echo $fname 1>&5; exec 5>&-; cat 0<&4" \
|| break; done'
Just type the name of the file you want to retrieve into the hose and press return. It will be dumped to
stdout. Repeat until enlightened or bored.
TROUBLESHOOTING
Did you specify --client and --server properly? One side should be server, the other side should be
client. If you specify them both as server or both as client, you have made a mistake. Do not rely on
the automatic polarity detection. While it is theoretically a very good algorithm, it is fooled very
easily.
Do all of your channel assignments (--infd et al) match up? If you get these wrong, encapsulate will
freak out and drip spooge all over your shoes.
For deadlock avoidance, make sure you are closing channels when you don't need them anymore. Use the >&-
redirection operator in sh or bash. Make sure you close it in all of the background processes as well.
Unable to read stdin from a process that has been backgrounded with & ? Bash closes file descriptor 0
for any subprocess that is backgrounded (e.g. (command&) ). You can get around this by copying 0 onto
another descriptor, and then copying it back within the backgrounded process.
( ( cat 0<&3 ) & ) 3<&0
SEE ALSO
netpipes (1), http://sunsite.unc.edu/ses/scp.html
The Session Control Protocol document on SunSite was a draft. There is a more recent one that doesn't
specify header compression (which I don't use anyway). It may eventually become an RFC. Then again,
encapsulate may be the only program which ever implements SCP.
BUGS
encapsulate is not hard to deadlock. Until I add unbounded buffering inside encapsulate, avoid
constructing deadlock-vulnerable systems.
The encapsulate included with netpipes 4.0 totally failed to handle the case where no subprocess was
specified. No error message would be issued, and the program would do absolutely nothing. The 4.1
version should work.
encapsulate has no other known bugs. I'm sure there are unknown ones because this software is not yet
mature; in fact, it's totally wet behind the ears. Break it and send me the pieces.
Well, the command-line argument style is inconsistent with faucet & hose. I'll be updating faucet &
hose.
The Linux kernel from the beginning of time up through version 2.0.29 has a problem with sockets being
shut down "too fast". This results in loss of data at the end of a stream and an "Error: connection
reset by peer" during reads. 2.0.30 supposedly fixes this. This state machine flaw is very likely
present in many other OSes, because the strange conditions that exercise it are almost nonexistent in
normal applications, but happen all the time in some applications of the NetPipes package. encapsulate
can be used to work around this bug in some cases because encapsulate does not perform a shutdown on the
network socket ever (it doesn't even do a "close").
CREDITS
Hi Mom! Hi Dad!
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 1997-98 Robert Forsman
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even
the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public
License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write
to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
AUTHOR
Robert Forsman
thoth@purplefrog.com
Purple Frog Software
http://web.purplefrog.com/~thoth/
June 19, 1997 ENCAPSULATE(1)