Ubuntu Manpage: ccd — Concatenated Disk driver

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NAME

       ccd — Concatenated Disk driver

SYNOPSIS

       device ccd

DESCRIPTION

The ccd driver provides the capability of combining one or more disks/partitions into one virtual disk.

This document assumes that you are familiar with how to generate kernels, how to properly configure disks
and devices in a kernel configuration file, and how to partition disks.

In order to compile in support for the ccd, you must add a line similar to the following to your kernel
configuration file:

device ccd # concatenated disk devices

As of the FreeBSD 3.0 release, you do not need to configure your kernel with ccd but may instead use it
as a kernel loadable module. Simply running ccdconfig(8) will load the module into the kernel.

A ccd may be either serially concatenated or interleaved. To serially concatenate the partitions,
specify the interleave factor of 0. Note that mirroring may not be used with an interleave factor of 0.

There is a run-time utility that is used for configuring ccds. See ccdconfig(8) for more information.

The Interleave Factor
If a ccd is interleaved correctly, a “striping” effect is achieved, which can increase sequential
read/write performance. The interleave factor is expressed in units of DEV_BSIZE (usually 512 bytes).
For large writes, the optimum interleave factor is typically the size of a track, while for large reads,
it is about a quarter of a track. (Note that this changes greatly depending on the number and speed of
disks.) For instance, with eight 7,200 RPM drives on two Fast-Wide SCSI buses, this translates to about
128 for writes and 32 for reads. A larger interleave tends to work better when the disk is taking a
multitasking load by localizing the file I/O from any given process onto a single disk. You lose
sequential performance when you do this, but sequential performance is not usually an issue with a
multitasking load.

An interleave factor must be specified when using a mirroring configuration, even when you have only two
disks (i.e., the layout winds up being the same no matter what the interleave factor). The interleave
factor will determine how I/O is broken up, however, and a value 128 or greater is recommended.

ccd has an option for a parity disk, but does not currently implement it.

The best performance is achieved if all component disks have the same geometry and size. Optimum
striping cannot occur with different disk types.

For random-access oriented workloads, such as news servers, a larger interleave factor (e.g., 65,536) is
more desirable. Note that there is not much ccd can do to speed up applications that are seek-time
limited. Larger interleave factors will at least reduce the chance of having to seek two disk-heads to
read one directory or a file.

Disk Mirroring
You can configure the ccd to “mirror” any even number of disks. See ccdconfig(8) for how to specify the
necessary flags. For example, if you have a ccd configuration specifying four disks, the first two disks
will be mirrored with the second two disks. A write will be run to both sides of the mirror. A read
will be run to either side of the mirror depending on what the driver believes to be most optimal. If
the read fails, the driver will automatically attempt to read the same sector from the other side of the
mirror. Currently ccd uses a dual seek zone model to optimize reads for a multi-tasking load rather than
a sequential load.

In an event of a disk failure, you can use dd(1) to recover the failed disk.

Note that a one-disk ccd is not the same as the original partition. In particular, this means if you
have a file system on a two-disk mirrored ccd and one of the disks fail, you cannot mount and use the
remaining partition as itself; you have to configure it as a one-disk ccd. You cannot replace a disk in
a mirrored ccd partition without first backing up the partition, then replacing the disk, then restoring
the partition.

Linux Compatibility
The Linux compatibility mode does not try to read the label that Linux' md(4) driver leaves on the raw
devices. You will have to give the order of devices and the interleave factor on your own. When in
Linux compatibility mode, ccd will convert the interleave factor from Linux terminology. That means you
give the same interleave factor that you gave as chunk size in Linux.

If you have a Linux md(4) device in “legacy” mode, do not use the CCDF_LINUX flag in ccdconfig(8). Use
the CCDF_NO_OFFSET flag instead. In that case you have to convert the interleave factor on your own,
usually it is Linux' chunk size multiplied by two.

Using a Linux RAID this way is potentially dangerous and can destroy the data in there. Since FreeBSD
does not read the label used by Linux, changes in Linux might invalidate the compatibility layer.

However, using this is reasonably safe if you test the compatibility before mounting a RAID read-write
for the first time. Just using ccdconfig(8) without mounting does not write anything to the Linux RAID.
Then you do a fsck.ext2fs (ports/sysutils/e2fsprogs) on the ccd device using the -n flag. You can mount
the file system read-only to check files in there. If all this works, it is unlikely that there is a
problem with ccd. Keep in mind that even when the Linux compatibility mode in ccd is working correctly,
bugs in FreeBSD's ex2fs implementation would still destroy your data.

WARNINGS

       If  just  one  (or  more) of the disks in a ccd fails, the entire file system will be lost unless you are
       mirroring the disks.

       If one of the disks in a mirror is lost, you should still be able to back up your data.  If a write error
       occurs, however, data read from that sector may be non-deterministic.  It may return the  data  prior  to
       the  write or it may return the data that was written.  When a write error occurs, you should recover and
       regenerate the data as soon as possible.

       Changing the interleave or other parameters for a ccd disk  usually  destroys  whatever  data  previously
       existed on that disk.

FILES

       /dev/ccd*  ccd device special files

HISTORY