Provided by: libtangram-perl_2.12-4_all 
NAME
Tangram::Schema - describe a system of persistent classes
SYNOPSIS
use Tangram;
$schema = Tangram::Schema->new( $hashref );
Tangram::Relational->connect( $schema, ... );
# write SQL to FILE
$schema->deploy( \*FILE );
# write SQL to STDOUT
$schema->deploy();
DESCRIPTION
A Schema contains all the information about the persistent aspects of a system of classes. That
information is used to perform the mapping between OO constructs and a relational database.
Schema objects are initialized from a nested data structure called a schema hash. The general structure
of the schema hash is described here.
The resulting Schema object becomes the owner of the schema hash passed to new(). The hash may not be
modified afterwards, and no assumptions can be made regarding its content.
note: No corresponding Perl classes are generated from calling "Tangram::Schema->new". If you want that,
and like the behaviour of the separately distributed "Class::Tangram" module, then you should pass the
$hashref in the above example to the "Class::Tangram::Generator->new()" constructor. See
Class::Tangram::Generator for more information.
CLASS METHODS
new
$schema = Tangram::Schema->new( $hash );
Returns a new Schema object.
The newly created Schema object becomes the owner of the hash, which can no longer be modified nor reused
by client code.
The schema hash describes the persistent aspects of a system of classes. It is a multilevel data
structure.
1. The first level of the hash contains information that is relevant to the system as a whole.
2. The second level contains information on a per-class basis.
3. The third level contains information about the individual fields in a class. That information depends
on the type of the field and is not documented here; see "field hash" for a list of predefined
persistent types.
Global properties
The first level of the schema hash describes aspects that are global to a system of persistent classes.
It has the following aspect:
{
classes =>
[
Identity =>
{
table => 'IdentityState',
abstract => 1
},
NaturalPerson =>
{
bases => [ qw( Identity ) ],
},
LegalPerson =>
{
bases => [ qw( Identity ) ],
},
],
make_object => sub { ... },
set_id => sub { ... }
get_id => sub { ... }
normalize => sub { ... },
control => '...'
sql => { ... },
}
"classes" is an array called the "class registry". It contains a description of each persistent class.
"make_object" contains a reference to a closure that returns a new object of a given class. This field is
optional: by default, Tangram calls class method new().
"set_id" and "get_id" are used together to associate an object ID with a persistent object. By default,
Tangram converts a reference to an object to a unique integer value by evaluating the expression "0 +
$obj". The result is used as a key in a hash contained in the Storage object. The values in that hash are
the object IDs.
If any of your classes use overloading, this approach will not work and you will need to supply your own
get/set_id methods.
"control" is the name of a table that has a single row, containing the major and minor version numbers of
the Tangram that created the storage, and the highest allocated object id. It defaults to 'Tangram'.
Optional field "normalize" contains a subroutine that's called to transform classnames and fieldnames
into table and column names. The function is called with two arguments; the name to be transformed, and a
'type' argument (currently one of 'tablename' or 'fieldname'). The return value should be the transformed
string.
Note that it is expected that the normalize sub will return identical strings with identical arguments,
that "normalize(normalize($string, $flag), $flag) eq normalize($string, $flag)"
Optional field "sql" contains a hash that can be used to customize some of the SQL generated by Tangram.
The available options are:
• default_null
"default_null" can be used to deal with those databases that don't support the explicit 'NULL'
specifier in column definitions. Defaults to 'NULL'. Note that this does not get automatically
appended to attributes that have a SQL type explicitly declared.
• id
Object ids encode the type of the object. Tangram assigns a class id to each persistent concrete
class within a Schema. When an object is inserted, Tangram allocates a unique integer from a class-
specific allocator, then appends the class id to it. Thus the object id for a NaturalPerson may look
like 270005, where 0005 is the class id.
Field "id" contains the SQL type that is used to map the rowid part of the object id. It defaults to
'INTEGER'.
• oid_sequence
If set, this is the name of a sequence to use as the default OID generator, should a particular class
not define one.
Sequences are an alternate way of generating unique identifiers for rows. They are more scalable
when you have high concurrency, but most people won't notice that.
It is also possible to define an OID sequence on a per-class level; see below for details.
Sequences are emulated on pretend databases like MySQL.
• make_id
This is a closure that is expected to return an unique ID. It is called like this:
$make_id->($class_id, $storage, $object)
Where $class_id is the Class identifier for_the newly created object, and $storage is the
Tangram::Storage object. The $object is the instance of the object to be inserted.
• cid
Field "cid" contains the SQL type that is used to map the class id part of the object id. It defaults
to 'INTEGER'.
• cid_size
Field "cid_size" contains the number of decimal positions that the class id occupies within the
object id. It defaults to '4'. This does not affect the database, only the in-memory representation
of object IDs.
• oid
Historical spurious documentation bug. Documentation described the function that the "id" option
performs.
• table_type
Field "table_type" is a string that if set, will be appended to all CREATE TABLE commands with
TYPE=x. For instance, to use transactions with a MySQL database with InnoDB enabled, set
"table_type" to "InnoDB", and (re)deploy your database.
• dumper
This field sets the default mechanism by which arbitrary structures are serialised to columns, in the
absence of a portion of the Tangram schema covering their mapping.
The default value is "Storable" (see Storable), seeing as Storable is something like the "native"
serialisation mechanism for Perl. Currently, this setting only applies to the idbif mapping type
(see Tangram::Type::Dump::Any).
It would make more sense for the default to be "YAML", but unfortunately YAML doesn't support dumping
the entire range of native Perl data types, which sucks immensely.
The other fields are related to the SQL types that Tangram uses to store meta-information.
class registry
The class registry is an array containing one entry per persistent class. The array contains a list of
"key => value" pairs. The key is the class name, the value is a reference to a hash called the class
hash. It contains information on how to map the class.
The class hash can have the following fields:
• abstract
• bases
• fields
• table
• table_type
• id
• oid_sequence
• make_id
Field "abstract" contains a boolean that should be true if the class is abstract. If this field is not
present, the class is considered to be concrete.
Field "bases" contains a reference to an array of base classes.
Field "fields" contains a reference to the "field hash".
Field "table" sets the name of the table that Tangram should use to store the state of objects pertaining
to this class. This field is optional: it defaults to the class name. If the class name is not an
acceptable SQL table identifier, you will need to set this field.
Field "table_type" sets the type of the table, for instance, the storage back-end to the RDBMS or storage
format; it specifies on a per-table basis what the "table_type" attribute of the schema defines. You
almost certainly don't want to set this on a per-table basis.
Field "id" contains an integer identifier for this class. That identifier must be unique within the same
schema. If this field is not present, Tangram sets it to the last class id plus one.
Fields "oid_sequence" and "make_id" are per-class versions of their schema-wide versions documented
above. These should be inherited by their subclasses, but currently (as of 2.07_06) aren't. To be safe,
until this documentation is fixed, define them in all subclasses.
field hash
Each persistent type is identified by a 'typetag', e.g. "int", "string" or "array".
All the persistent fields of a given type are grouped together inside the field hash, where the typetag
is used as a key. The individual fields are specified in an array or a hash, whose layout is type-
dependant. For example:
fields =>
{
string => [ qw( firstName name ) ],
int => [ qw( age ) ],
ref => { partner => { null => 1 } },
array => { children => 'NaturalPerson' },
},
The typetag not only specifies the type of a field, but also the way in which it should be mapped to SQL
constructs. Sometimes the same Perl type lends itself to more than one mapping, for example there are at
least two plausible ways of mapping a Perl array (see Tangram::Type::Array::FromMany and
Tangram::Type::Array::FromOne).
Tangram's persistent type system is extensible, allowing you to mount your own types and make them
persistent. All you have to do is to register your type and provide mapping code. See Tangram::Type.
Tangram comes with built-in support for the following types:
* string, int, real: see Tangram::Type::Scalar
* reference : see Tangram::Type::Ref::FromMany
* array : see Tangram::Type::Array::FromMany, Tangram::Type::Array::FromOne
* Set::Object : see Tangram::Type::Set::FromMany, Tangram::Type::Set::FromOne
INSTANCE METHODS
deploy
This method is deprecated. See Tangram::Relational.
retreat
This method is deprecated. See Tangram::Relational.
perl v5.36.0 2022-10-16 Tangram::Schema(3pm)