Ubuntu Manpage: PerlIO - On demand loader for PerlIO layers and root of PerlIO::* name space

Provided by: perl-doc_5.38.2-3.2ubuntu0.1_all

NAME

       PerlIO - On demand loader for PerlIO layers and root of PerlIO::* name space

SYNOPSIS

         # support platform-native and CRLF text files
         open(my $fh, "<:crlf", "my.txt") or die "open failed: $!";

         # append UTF-8 encoded text
         open(my $fh, ">>:encoding(UTF-8)", "some.log")
           or die "open failed: $!";

         # portably open a binary file for reading
         open(my $fh, "<", "his.jpg") or die "open failed: $!";
         binmode($fh) or die "binmode failed: $!";

         Shell:
           PERLIO=:perlio perl ....

DESCRIPTION

When an undefined layer 'foo' is encountered in an "open" or "binmode" layer specification then C code
performs the equivalent of:

use PerlIO 'foo';

The Perl code in PerlIO.pm then attempts to locate a layer by doing

require PerlIO::foo;

Otherwise the "PerlIO" package is a place holder for additional PerlIO related functions.

Layers
Generally speaking, PerlIO layers (previously sometimes referred to as "disciplines") are an ordered
stack applied to a filehandle (specified as a space- or colon-separated list, conventionally written with
a leading colon). Each layer performs some operation on any input or output, except when bypassed such
as with "sysread" or "syswrite". Read operations go through the stack in the order they are set (left to
right), and write operations in the reverse order.

There are also layers which actually just set flags on lower layers, or layers that modify the current
stack but don't persist on the stack themselves; these are referred to as pseudo-layers.

When opening a handle, it will be opened with any layers specified explicitly in the open() call (or the
platform defaults, if specified as a colon with no following layers).

If layers are not explicitly specified, the handle will be opened with the layers specified by the
${^OPEN} variable (usually set by using the open pragma for a lexical scope, or the "-C" command-line
switch or "PERL_UNICODE" environment variable for the main program scope).

If layers are not specified in the open() call or "${^OPEN}" variable, the handle will be opened with the
default layer stack configured for that architecture; see "Defaults and how to override them".

Some layers will automatically insert required lower level layers if not present; for example ":perlio"
will insert ":unix" below itself for low level IO, and ":encoding" will insert the platform defaults for
buffered IO.

The "binmode" function can be called on an opened handle to push additional layers onto the stack, which
may also modify the existing layers. "binmode" called with no layers will remove or unset any existing
layers which transform the byte stream, making the handle suitable for binary data.

The following layers are currently defined:

:unix
Lowest level layer which provides basic PerlIO operations in terms of UNIX/POSIX numeric file
descriptor calls (open(), read(), write(), lseek(), close()). It is used even on non-Unix
architectures, and most other layers operate on top of it.

:stdio
Layer which calls "fread", "fwrite" and "fseek"/"ftell" etc. Note that as this is "real" stdio it
will ignore any layers beneath it and go straight to the operating system via the C library as usual.
This layer implements both low level IO and buffering, but is rarely used on modern architectures.

:perlio
A from scratch implementation of buffering for PerlIO. Provides fast access to the buffer for
"sv_gets" which implements Perl's readline/<> and in general attempts to minimize data copying.

":perlio" will insert a ":unix" layer below itself to do low level IO.

:crlf
A layer that implements DOS/Windows like CRLF line endings. On read converts pairs of CR,LF to a
single "\n" newline character. On write converts each "\n" to a CR,LF pair. Note that this layer
will silently refuse to be pushed on top of itself.

It currently does not mimic MS-DOS as far as treating of Control-Z as being an end-of-file marker.

On DOS/Windows like architectures where this layer is part of the defaults, it also acts like the
":perlio" layer, and removing the CRLF translation (such as with ":raw") will only unset the CRLF
translation flag. Since Perl 5.14, you can also apply another ":crlf" layer later, such as when the
CRLF translation must occur after an encoding layer. On other architectures, it is a mundane CRLF
translation layer and can be added and removed normally.

# translate CRLF after encoding on Perl 5.14 or newer
binmode $fh, ":raw:encoding(UTF-16LE):crlf"
or die "binmode failed: $!";

:utf8
Pseudo-layer that declares that the stream accepts Perl's internal upgraded encoding of characters,
which is approximately UTF-8 on ASCII machines, but UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC machines. This allows any
character Perl can represent to be read from or written to the stream.

This layer (which actually sets a flag on the preceding layer, and is implicitly set by any
":encoding" layer) does not translate or validate byte sequences. It instead indicates that the byte
stream will have been arranged by other layers to be provided in Perl's internal upgraded encoding,
which Perl code (and correctly written XS code) will interpret as decoded Unicode characters.

CAUTION: Do not use this layer to translate from UTF-8 bytes, as invalid UTF-8 or binary data will
result in malformed Perl strings. It is unlikely to produce invalid UTF-8 when used for output,
though it will instead produce UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC systems. The :encoding(UTF-8) layer (hyphen is
significant) is preferred as it will ensure translation between valid UTF-8 bytes and valid Unicode
characters.

:bytes
This is the inverse of the ":utf8" pseudo-layer. It turns off the flag on the layer below so that
data read from it is considered to be Perl's internal downgraded encoding, thus interpreted as the
native single-byte encoding of Latin-1 or EBCDIC. Likewise on output Perl will warn if a "wide"
character (a codepoint not in the range 0..255) is written to a such a stream.

This is very dangerous to push on a handle using an ":encoding" layer, as such a layer assumes to be
working with Perl's internal upgraded encoding, so you will likely get a mangled result. Instead use
":raw" or ":pop" to remove encoding layers.

:raw
The ":raw" pseudo-layer is defined as being identical to calling binmode($fh) - the stream is made
suitable for passing binary data, i.e. each byte is passed as-is. The stream will still be buffered
(but this was not always true before Perl 5.14).

In Perl 5.6 and some books the ":raw" layer is documented as the inverse of the ":crlf" layer. That
is no longer the case - other layers which would alter the binary nature of the stream are also
disabled. If you want UNIX line endings on a platform that normally does CRLF translation, but still
want UTF-8 or encoding defaults, the appropriate thing to do is to add ":perlio" to the PERLIO
environment variable, or open the handle explicitly with that layer, to replace the platform default
of ":crlf".

The implementation of ":raw" is as a pseudo-layer which when "pushed" pops itself and then any layers
which would modify the binary data stream. (Undoing ":utf8" and ":crlf" may be implemented by
clearing flags rather than popping layers but that is an implementation detail.)

As a consequence of the fact that ":raw" normally pops layers, it usually only makes sense to have it
as the only or first element in a layer specification. When used as the first element it provides a
known base on which to build e.g.

open(my $fh,">:raw:encoding(UTF-8)",...)
or die "open failed: $!";

will construct a "binary" stream regardless of the platform defaults, but then enable UTF-8
translation.

:pop
A pseudo-layer that removes the top-most layer. Gives Perl code a way to manipulate the layer stack.
Note that ":pop" only works on real layers and will not undo the effects of pseudo-layers or flags
like ":utf8". An example of a possible use might be:

open(my $fh,...) or die "open failed: $!";
...
binmode($fh,":encoding(...)") or die "binmode failed: $!";
# next chunk is encoded
...
binmode($fh,":pop") or die "binmode failed: $!";
# back to un-encoded

A more elegant (and safer) interface is needed.

Custom Layers
It is possible to write custom layers in addition to the above builtin ones, both in C/XS and Perl, as a
module named "PerlIO::<layer name>". Some custom layers come with the Perl distribution.

:encoding
Use :encoding(ENCODING) to transparently do character set and encoding transformations, for example
from Shift-JIS to Unicode. Note that an ":encoding" also enables ":utf8". See PerlIO::encoding for
more information.

:mmap
A layer which implements "reading" of files by using mmap() to make a (whole) file appear in the
process's address space, and then using that as PerlIO's "buffer". This may be faster in certain
circumstances for large files, and may result in less physical memory use when multiple processes are
reading the same file.

Files which are not mmap()-able revert to behaving like the ":perlio" layer. Writes also behave like
the ":perlio" layer, as mmap() for write needs extra house-keeping (to extend the file) which negates
any advantage.

The ":mmap" layer will not exist if the platform does not support mmap(). See PerlIO::mmap for more
information.

:via
:via(MODULE) allows a transformation to be applied by an arbitrary Perl module, for example
compression / decompression, encryption / decryption. See PerlIO::via for more information.

:scalar
A layer implementing "in memory" files using scalar variables, automatically used in place of the
platform defaults for IO when opening such a handle. As such, the scalar is expected to act like a
file, only containing or storing bytes. See PerlIO::scalar for more information.

Alternatives to raw
To get a binary stream an alternate method is to use:

open(my $fh,"<","whatever") or die "open failed: $!";
binmode($fh) or die "binmode failed: $!";

This has the advantage of being backward compatible with older versions of Perl that did not use PerlIO
or where ":raw" was buggy (as it was before Perl 5.14).

To get an unbuffered stream specify an unbuffered layer (e.g. ":unix") in the open call:

open(my $fh,"<:unix",$path) or die "open failed: $!";

Defaults and how to override them
If the platform is MS-DOS like and normally does CRLF to "\n" translation for text files then the default
layers are:

:unix:crlf

Otherwise if "Configure" found out how to do "fast" IO using the system's stdio (not common on modern
architectures), then the default layers are:

:stdio

Otherwise the default layers are

:unix:perlio

Note that the "default stack" depends on the operating system and on the Perl version, and both the
compile-time and runtime configurations of Perl. The default can be overridden by setting the
environment variable PERLIO to a space or colon separated list of layers, however this cannot be used to
set layers that require loading modules like ":encoding".

This can be used to see the effect of/bugs in the various layers e.g.

cd .../perl/t
PERLIO=:stdio ./perl harness
PERLIO=:perlio ./perl harness

For the various values of PERLIO see "PERLIO" in perlrun.

The following table summarizes the default layers on UNIX-like and DOS-like platforms and depending on
the setting of $ENV{PERLIO}:

PERLIO UNIX-like DOS-like
------ --------- --------
unset / "" :unix:perlio / :stdio [1] :unix:crlf
:stdio :stdio :stdio
:perlio :unix:perlio :unix:perlio

# [1] ":stdio" if Configure found out how to do "fast stdio" (depends
# on the stdio implementation) and in Perl 5.8, else ":unix:perlio"

Querying the layers of filehandles
The following returns the names of the PerlIO layers on a filehandle.

my @layers = PerlIO::get_layers($fh); # Or FH, *FH, "FH".

The layers are returned in the order an open() or binmode() call would use them, and without colons.

By default the layers from the input side of the filehandle are returned; to get the output side, use the
optional "output" argument:

my @layers = PerlIO::get_layers($fh, output => 1);

(Usually the layers are identical on either side of a filehandle but for example with sockets there may
be differences.)

There is no set_layers(), nor does get_layers() return a tied array mirroring the stack, or anything
fancy like that. This is not accidental or unintentional. The PerlIO layer stack is a bit more
complicated than just a stack (see for example the behaviour of ":raw"). You are supposed to use open()
and binmode() to manipulate the stack.

Implementation details follow, please close your eyes.

The arguments to layers are by default returned in parentheses after the name of the layer, and certain
layers (like ":utf8") are not real layers but instead flags on real layers; to get all of these returned
separately, use the optional "details" argument:

my @layer_and_args_and_flags = PerlIO::get_layers($fh, details => 1);

The result will be up to be three times the number of layers: the first element will be a name, the
second element the arguments (unspecified arguments will be "undef"), the third element the flags, the
fourth element a name again, and so forth.

You may open your eyes now.

AUTHOR

       Nick Ing-Simmons <nick@ing-simmons.net>

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

AUTHOR

SEE ALSO