Ubuntu Manpage: Encode::Unicode -- Various Unicode Transformation Formats

Provided by: perl-doc_5.38.2-3.2ubuntu0.1_all

NAME

       Encode::Unicode -- Various Unicode Transformation Formats

SYNOPSIS

           use Encode qw/encode decode/;
           $ucs2 = encode("UCS-2BE", $utf8);
           $utf8 = decode("UCS-2BE", $ucs2);

ABSTRACT

       This module implements all Character Encoding Schemes of Unicode that are officially documented by
       Unicode Consortium (except, of course, for UTF-8, which is a native format in perl).

       <http://www.unicode.org/glossary/> says:
           Character  Encoding  Scheme  A  character  encoding  form  plus  byte  serialization. There are Seven
           character encoding schemes in Unicode: UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE,  UTF-32  (UCS-4),  UTF-32BE
           (UCS-4BE) and UTF-32LE (UCS-4LE), and UTF-7.

           Since  UTF-7  is  a  7-bit  (re)encoded  version  of  UTF-16BE, It is not part of Unicode's Character
           Encoding  Scheme.   It  is  separately  implemented  in  Encode::Unicode::UTF7.   For   details   see
           Encode::Unicode::UTF7.

       Quick Reference
                           Decodes from ord(N)           Encodes chr(N) to...
                  octet/char BOM S.P d800-dfff  ord > 0xffff     \x{1abcd} ==
             ---------------+-----------------+------------------------------
             UCS-2BE       2   N   N  is bogus                  Not Available
             UCS-2LE       2   N   N     bogus                  Not Available
             UTF-16      2/4   Y   Y  is   S.P           S.P            BE/LE
             UTF-16BE    2/4   N   Y       S.P           S.P    0xd82a,0xdfcd
             UTF-16LE    2/4   N   Y       S.P           S.P    0x2ad8,0xcddf
             UTF-32        4   Y   -  is bogus         As is            BE/LE
             UTF-32BE      4   N   -     bogus         As is       0x0001abcd
             UTF-32LE      4   N   -     bogus         As is       0xcdab0100
             UTF-8       1-4   -   -     bogus   >= 4 octets   \xf0\x9a\af\8d
             ---------------+-----------------+------------------------------

Size, Endianness, and BOM

You can categorize these CES by 3 criteria: size of each character, endianness, and Byte Order Mark.

by size
UCS-2 is a fixed-length encoding with each character taking 16 bits. It does not support surrogate
pairs. When a surrogate pair is encountered during decode(), its place is filled with \x{FFFD} if CHECK
is 0, or the routine croaks if CHECK is 1. When a character whose ord value is larger than 0xFFFF is
encountered, its place is filled with \x{FFFD} if CHECK is 0, or the routine croaks if CHECK is 1.

UTF-16 is almost the same as UCS-2 but it supports surrogate pairs. When it encounters a high surrogate
(0xD800-0xDBFF), it fetches the following low surrogate (0xDC00-0xDFFF) and "desurrogate"s them to form a
character. Bogus surrogates result in death. When \x{10000} or above is encountered during encode(), it
"ensurrogate"s them and pushes the surrogate pair to the output stream.

UTF-32 (UCS-4) is a fixed-length encoding with each character taking 32 bits. Since it is 32-bit, there
is no need for surrogate pairs.

by endianness
The first (and now failed) goal of Unicode was to map all character repertoires into a fixed-length
integer so that programmers are happy. Since each character is either a short or long in C, you have to
pay attention to the endianness of each platform when you pass data to one another.

Anything marked as BE is Big Endian (or network byte order) and LE is Little Endian (aka VAX byte order).
For anything not marked either BE or LE, a character called Byte Order Mark (BOM) indicating the
endianness is prepended to the string.

CAVEAT: Though BOM in utf8 (\xEF\xBB\xBF) is valid, it is meaningless and as of this writing Encode suite
just leave it as is (\x{FeFF}).

BOM as integer when fetched in network byte order
16 32 bits/char
-------------------------
BE 0xFeFF 0x0000FeFF
LE 0xFFFe 0xFFFe0000
-------------------------

This modules handles the BOM as follows.

• When BE or LE is explicitly stated as the name of encoding, BOM is simply treated as a normal
character (ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE).

• When BE or LE is omitted during decode(), it checks if BOM is at the beginning of the string; if one
is found, the endianness is set to what the BOM says.

• Default Byte Order

When no BOM is found, Encode 2.76 and blow croaked. Since Encode 2.77, it falls back to BE
accordingly to RFC2781 and the Unicode Standard version 8.0

• When BE or LE is omitted during encode(), it returns a BE-encoded string with BOM prepended. So when
you want to encode a whole text file, make sure you encode() the whole text at once, not line by line
or each line, not file, will have a BOM prepended.

• "UCS-2" is an exception. Unlike others, this is an alias of UCS-2BE. UCS-2 is already registered by
IANA and others that way.

Surrogate Pairs

       To say the least, surrogate pairs were the biggest mistake of the Unicode Consortium.  But  according  to
       the  late  Douglas  Adams in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Trilogy, "In the beginning the Universe
       was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and been widely regarded as  a  bad  move".   Their
       mistake was not of this magnitude so let's forgive them.

       (I don't dare make any comparison with Unicode Consortium and the Vogons here ;)  Or, comparing Encode to
       Babel Fish is completely appropriate -- if you can only stick this into your ear :)

       Surrogate  pairs  were born when the Unicode Consortium finally admitted that 16 bits were not big enough
       to hold all the world's character repertoires.  But they already made UCS-2 16-bit.  What do we do?

       Back then, the range 0xD800-0xDFFF was not allocated.  Let's split that range in half and use  the  first
       half  to  represent the "upper half of a character" and the second half to represent the "lower half of a
       character".  That way, you can represent 1024 * 1024  =  1048576  more  characters.   Now  we  can  store
       character  ranges up to \x{10ffff} even with 16-bit encodings.  This pair of half-character is now called
       a surrogate pair and UTF-16 is the name of the encoding that embraces them.

       Here is a formula to ensurrogate a Unicode character \x{10000} and above;

         $hi = ($uni - 0x10000) / 0x400 + 0xD800;
         $lo = ($uni - 0x10000) % 0x400 + 0xDC00;

       And to desurrogate;

        $uni = 0x10000 + ($hi - 0xD800) * 0x400 + ($lo - 0xDC00);

       Note this move has made \x{D800}-\x{DFFF} into a forbidden zone but perl does not  prohibit  the  use  of
       characters  within  this  range.   To  perl,  every  one  of  \x{0000_0000}  up to \x{ffff_ffff} (*) is a
       character.

         (*) or \x{ffff_ffff_ffff_ffff} if your perl is compiled with 64-bit
         integer support!

Error Checking