Ubuntu Manpage: sudoers — default sudo security policy plugin

Provided by: sudo-ldap_1.9.9-1ubuntu2.5_amd64

NAME

       sudoers — default sudo security policy plugin

DESCRIPTION

The sudoers policy plugin determines a user's sudo privileges. It is the default sudo policy plugin.
The policy is driven by the /etc/sudoers file or, optionally, in LDAP. The policy format is described in
detail in the “SUDOERS FILE FORMAT” section. For information on storing sudoers policy information in
LDAP, please see sudoers.ldap(5).

Configuring sudo.conf for sudoers
sudo consults the sudo.conf(5) file to determine which plugins to load. If no sudo.conf(5) file is
present, or if it contains no Plugin lines, sudoers will be used for auditing, policy decisions and I/O
logging. To explicitly configure sudo.conf(5) to use the sudoers plugin, the following configuration can
be used.

Plugin sudoers_audit sudoers.so
Plugin sudoers_policy sudoers.so
Plugin sudoers_io sudoers.so

Starting with sudo 1.8.5, it is possible to specify optional arguments to the sudoers plugin in the
sudo.conf(5) file. Plugin arguments, if any, should be listed after the path to the plugin (i.e., after
sudoers.so). The arguments are only effective for the plugin that opens (and parses) the sudoers file.

For sudo version 1.9.1 and higher, this is the sudoers_audit plugin. For older versions, it is the
sudoers_policy plugin. Multiple arguments may be specified, separated by white space. For example:

Plugin sudoers_audit sudoers.so sudoers_mode=0400 error_recovery=false

The following plugin arguments are supported:

error_recovery=bool
The error_recovery argument can be used to control whether sudoers should attempt to recover
from syntax errors in the sudoers file. If set to true (the default), sudoers will try to
recover from a syntax error by discarding the portion of the line that contains the error until
the end of the line. A value of false will disable error recovery. Prior to version 1.9.3, no
error recovery was performed.

ldap_conf=pathname
The ldap_conf argument can be used to override the default path to the ldap.conf file.

ldap_secret=pathname
The ldap_secret argument can be used to override the default path to the ldap.secret file.

sudoers_file=pathname
The sudoers_file argument can be used to override the default path to the sudoers file.

sudoers_uid=user-ID
The sudoers_uid argument can be used to override the default owner of the sudoers file. It
should be specified as a numeric user-ID.

sudoers_gid=group-ID
The sudoers_gid argument can be used to override the default group of the sudoers file. It
must be specified as a numeric group-ID (not a group name).

sudoers_mode=mode
The sudoers_mode argument can be used to override the default file mode for the sudoers file.
It should be specified as an octal value.

For more information on configuring sudo.conf(5), please refer to its manual.

User Authentication
The sudoers security policy requires that most users authenticate themselves before they can use sudo. A
password is not required if the invoking user is root, if the target user is the same as the invoking
user, or if the policy has disabled authentication for the user or command. Unlike su(1), when sudoers
requires authentication, it validates the invoking user's credentials, not the target user's (or root's)
credentials. This can be changed via the rootpw, targetpw and runaspw flags, described later.

If a user who is not listed in the policy tries to run a command via sudo, mail is sent to the proper
authorities. The address used for such mail is configurable via the mailto Defaults entry (described
later) and defaults to root.

Note that no mail will be sent if an unauthorized user tries to run sudo with the -l or -v option unless
there is an authentication error and either the mail_always or mail_badpass flags are enabled. This
allows users to determine for themselves whether or not they are allowed to use sudo. By default, all
attempts to run sudo (successful or not) are logged, regardless of whether or not mail is sent.

If sudo is run by root and the SUDO_USER environment variable is set, the sudoers policy will use this
value to determine who the actual user is. This can be used by a user to log commands through sudo even
when a root shell has been invoked. It also allows the -e option to remain useful even when invoked via
a sudo-run script or program. Note, however, that the sudoers file lookup is still done for root, not
the user specified by SUDO_USER.

sudoers uses per-user time stamp files for credential caching. Once a user has been authenticated, a
record is written containing the user-ID that was used to authenticate, the terminal session ID, the
start time of the session leader (or parent process) and a time stamp (using a monotonic clock if one is
available). The user may then use sudo without a password for a short period of time (15 minutes unless
overridden by the timestamp_timeout option). By default, sudoers uses a separate record for each
terminal, which means that a user's login sessions are authenticated separately. The timestamp_type
option can be used to select the type of time stamp record sudoers will use.

Logging
By default, sudoers logs both successful and unsuccessful attempts (as well as errors). The log_allowed
and log_denied flags can be used to control this behavior. Messages can be logged to syslog(3), a log
file, or both. The default is to log to syslog(3) but this is configurable via the syslog and logfile
settings. See “LOG FORMAT” for a description of the log file format.

sudoers is also capable of running a command in a pseudo-terminal and logging all input and/or output.
The standard input, standard output, and standard error can be logged even when not associated with a
terminal. I/O logging is not on by default but can be enabled using the log_input and log_output options
as well as the LOG_INPUT and LOG_OUTPUT command tags. See “I/O LOG FILES” for details on how I/O log
files are stored.

Starting with version 1.9, the log_servers setting may be used to send event and I/O log data to a remote
server running sudo_logsrvd or another service that implements the protocol described by
sudo_logsrv.proto(5).

Command environment
Since environment variables can influence program behavior, sudoers provides a means to restrict which
variables from the user's environment are inherited by the command to be run. There are two distinct
ways sudoers can deal with environment variables.

By default, the env_reset flag is enabled. This causes commands to be executed with a new, minimal
environment. On AIX (and Linux systems without PAM), the environment is initialized with the contents of
the /etc/environment file. The HOME, MAIL, SHELL, LOGNAME and USER environment variables are initialized
based on the target user and the SUDO_* variables are set based on the invoking user. Additional
variables, such as DISPLAY, PATH and TERM, are preserved from the invoking user's environment if
permitted by the env_check, or env_keep options. A few environment variables are treated specially. If
the PATH and TERM variables are not preserved from the user's environment, they will be set to default
values. The LOGNAME and USER are handled as a single entity. If one of them is preserved (or removed)
from the user's environment, the other will be as well. If LOGNAME and USER are to be preserved but only
one of them is present in the user's environment, the other will be set to the same value. This avoids
an inconsistent environment where one of the variables describing the user name is set to the invoking
user and one is set to the target user. Environment variables with a value beginning with () are removed
unless both the name and value parts are matched by env_keep or env_check, as they may be interpreted as
functions by the bash shell. Prior to version 1.8.11, such variables were always removed.

If, however, the env_reset flag is disabled, any variables not explicitly denied by the env_check and
env_delete options are allowed and their values are inherited from the invoking process. Prior to
version 1.8.21, environment variables with a value beginning with () were always removed. Beginning with
version 1.8.21, a pattern in env_delete is used to match bash shell functions instead. Since it is not
possible to block all potentially dangerous environment variables, use of the default env_reset behavior
is encouraged.

Environment variables specified by env_check, env_delete, or env_keep may include one or more ‘*’
characters which will match zero or more characters. No other wildcard characters are supported.

By default, environment variables are matched by name. However, if the pattern includes an equal sign
(‘=’), both the variables name and value must match. For example, a bash shell function could be matched
as follows:

env_keep += "BASH_FUNC_my_func%%=()*"

Without the “=()*” suffix, this would not match, as bash shell functions are not preserved by default.

The complete list of environment variables that are preserved or removed, as modified by global Defaults
parameters in sudoers, is displayed when sudo is run by root with the -V option. Please note that the
list of environment variables to remove varies based on the operating system sudo is running on.

Other sudoers options may influence the command environment, such as always_set_home, secure_path,
set_logname, and set_home.

On systems that support PAM where the pam_env module is enabled for sudo, variables in the PAM
environment may be merged in to the environment. If a variable in the PAM environment is already present
in the user's environment, the value will only be overridden if the variable was not preserved by
sudoers. When env_reset is enabled, variables preserved from the invoking user's environment by the
env_keep list take precedence over those in the PAM environment. When env_reset is disabled, variables
present the invoking user's environment take precedence over those in the PAM environment unless they
match a pattern in the env_delete list.

Note that the dynamic linker on most operating systems will remove variables that can control dynamic
linking from the environment of set-user-ID executables, including sudo. Depending on the operating
system this may include _RLD*, DYLD_*, LD_*, LDR_*, LIBPATH, SHLIB_PATH, and others. These type of
variables are removed from the environment before sudo even begins execution and, as such, it is not
possible for sudo to preserve them.

As a special case, if the -i option (initial login) is specified, sudoers will initialize the environment
regardless of the value of env_reset. The DISPLAY, PATH and TERM variables remain unchanged; HOME, MAIL,
SHELL, USER, and LOGNAME are set based on the target user. On AIX (and Linux systems without PAM), the
contents of /etc/environment are also included. All other environment variables are removed unless
permitted by env_keep or env_check, described above.

Finally, the restricted_env_file and env_file files are applied, if present. The variables in
restricted_env_file are applied first and are subject to the same restrictions as the invoking user's
environment, as detailed above. The variables in env_file are applied last and are not subject to these
restrictions. In both cases, variables present in the files will only be set to their specified values
if they would not conflict with an existing environment variable.

SUDOERS FILE FORMAT

The sudoers file is composed of two types of entries: aliases (basically variables) and user
specifications (which specify who may run what).

When multiple entries match for a user, they are applied in order. Where there are multiple matches, the
last match is used (which is not necessarily the most specific match).

The sudoers file grammar will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF). Don't despair if
you are unfamiliar with EBNF; it is fairly simple, and the definitions below are annotated.

Resource limits
By default, sudoers uses the operating system's native method of setting resource limits for the target
user. On Linux systems, resource limits are usually set by the pam_limits.so PAM module. On some BSD
systems, the /etc/login.conf file specifies resource limits for the user. On AIX systems, resource
limits are configured in the /etc/security/limits file. If there is no system mechanism to set per-user
resource limits, the command will run with the same limits as the invoking user. The one exception to
this is the core dump file size, which is set by sudoers to 0 by default. Disabling core dumps by
default makes it possible to avoid potential security problems where the core file is treated as trusted
input.

Resource limits may also be set in the sudoers file itself, in which case they override those set by the
system. See the rlimit_as, rlimit_core, rlimit_cpu, rlimit_data, rlimit_fsize, rlimit_locks,
rlimit_memlock, rlimit_nofile, rlimit_nproc, rlimit_rss, rlimit_stack options described below. Resource
limits in sudoers may be specified in one of the following formats:

“value”
Both the soft and hard resource limits are set to the same value. The special value “infinity”
can be used to indicate that the value is unlimited.

“soft,hard”
Two comma-separated values. The soft limit is set to the first value and the hard limit is set
to the second. Both values must either be enclosed in a set of double quotes, or the comma must
be escaped with a backslash (‘\’). The special value “infinity” may be used in place of either
value.

“default”
The default resource limit for the user will be used. This may be a user-specific value (see
above) or the value of the resource limit when sudo was invoked for systems that don't support
per-user limits.

“user” The invoking user's resource limits will be preserved when running the command.

For example, to restore the historic core dump file size behavior, a line like the following may be used.

Defaults rlimit_core=default

Resource limits in sudoers are only supported by version 1.8.7 or higher.

Quick guide to EBNF
EBNF is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a language. Each EBNF definition is made up
of production rules. E.g.,

symbol ::= definition | alternate1 | alternate2 ...

Each production rule references others and thus makes up a grammar for the language. EBNF also contains
the following operators, which many readers will recognize from regular expressions. Do not, however,
confuse them with “wildcard” characters, which have different meanings.

? Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) is optional. That is, it may appear once or
not at all.

* Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear zero or more times.

+ Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear one or more times.

Parentheses may be used to group symbols together. For clarity, we will use single quotes ('') to
designate what is a verbatim character string (as opposed to a symbol name).

Aliases
There are four kinds of aliases: User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias and Cmnd_Alias. Beginning with sudo
1.9.0, Cmd_Alias may be used in place of Cmnd_Alias if desired.

Alias ::= 'User_Alias' User_Alias_Spec (':' User_Alias_Spec)* |
'Runas_Alias' Runas_Alias_Spec (':' Runas_Alias_Spec)* |
'Host_Alias' Host_Alias_Spec (':' Host_Alias_Spec)* |
'Cmnd_Alias' Cmnd_Alias_Spec (':' Cmnd_Alias_Spec)* |
'Cmd_Alias' Cmnd_Alias_Spec (':' Cmnd_Alias_Spec)*

User_Alias ::= NAME

User_Alias_Spec ::= User_Alias '=' User_List

Runas_Alias ::= NAME

Runas_Alias_Spec ::= Runas_Alias '=' Runas_List

Host_Alias ::= NAME

Host_Alias_Spec ::= Host_Alias '=' Host_List

Cmnd_Alias ::= NAME

Cmnd_Alias_Spec ::= Cmnd_Alias '=' Cmnd_List

NAME ::= [A-Z]([A-Z][0-9]_)*

Each alias definition is of the form

Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...

where Alias_Type is one of User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias, or Cmnd_Alias. A NAME is a string of
uppercase letters, numbers, and underscore characters (‘_’). A NAME must start with an uppercase letter.
It is possible to put several alias definitions of the same type on a single line, joined by a colon
(‘:’). E.g.,

Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, item3 : NAME = item4, item5

It is a syntax error to redefine an existing alias. It is possible to use the same name for aliases of
different types, but this is not recommended.

The definitions of what constitutes a valid alias member follow.

User_List ::= User |
User ',' User_List

A User_List is made up of one or more user names, user-IDs (prefixed with ‘#’), system group names and
IDs (prefixed with ‘%’ and ‘%#’ respectively), netgroups (prefixed with ‘+’), non-Unix group names and
IDs (prefixed with ‘%:’ and ‘%:#’ respectively), and User_Aliases. Each list item may be prefixed with
zero or more ‘!’ operators. An odd number of ‘!’ operators negate the value of the item; an even number
just cancel each other out. User netgroups are matched using the user and domain members only; the host
member is not used when matching.

A user name, user-ID, group, group-ID, netgroup, nonunix_group or nonunix_gid may be enclosed in double
quotes to avoid the need for escaping special characters. Alternately, special characters may be
specified in escaped hex mode, e.g., \x20 for space. When using double quotes, any prefix characters
must be included inside the quotes.

The actual nonunix_group and nonunix_gid syntax depends on the underlying group provider plugin. For
instance, the QAS AD plugin supports the following formats:

• Group in the same domain: "%:Group Name"

• Group in any domain: "%:Group Name@FULLY.QUALIFIED.DOMAIN"

• Group SID: "%:S-1-2-34-5678901234-5678901234-5678901234-567"

See “GROUP PROVIDER PLUGINS” for more information.

Note that quotes around group names are optional. Unquoted strings must use a backslash (‘\’) to escape
spaces and special characters. See “Other special characters and reserved words” for a list of
characters that need to be escaped.

Runas_List ::= Runas_Member |
Runas_Member ',' Runas_List

A Runas_List is similar to a User_List except that instead of User_Aliases it can contain Runas_Aliases.
Note that user names and groups are matched as strings. In other words, two users (groups) with the same
user (group) ID are considered to be distinct. If you wish to match all user names with the same user-ID
(e.g., root and toor), you can use a user-ID instead of a name (#0 in the example given). Note that the
user-ID or group-ID specified in a Runas_Member need not be listed in the password or group database.

Host_List ::= Host |
Host ',' Host_List

Host ::= '!'* host name |
'!'* ip_addr |
'!'* network(/netmask)? |
'!'* +netgroup |
'!'* Host_Alias

A Host_List is made up of one or more host names, IP addresses, network numbers, netgroups (prefixed with
‘+’), and other aliases. Again, the value of an item may be negated with the ‘!’ operator. Host
netgroups are matched using the host (both qualified and unqualified) and domain members only; the user
member is not used when matching. If you specify a network number without a netmask, sudo will query
each of the local host's network interfaces and, if the network number corresponds to one of the hosts's
network interfaces, will use the netmask of that interface. The netmask may be specified either in
standard IP address notation (e.g., 255.255.255.0 or ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::), or CIDR notation (number of
bits, e.g., 24 or 64). A host name may include shell-style wildcards (see the “Wildcards” section
below), but unless the host name command on your machine returns the fully qualified host name, you'll
need to use the fqdn flag for wildcards to be useful. Note that sudo only inspects actual network
interfaces; this means that IP address 127.0.0.1 (localhost) will never match. Also, the host name
“localhost” will only match if that is the actual host name, which is usually only the case for non-
networked systems.

digest ::= [A-Fa-f0-9]+ |
[A-Za-z0-9\+/=]+

Digest_Spec ::= "sha224" ':' digest |
"sha256" ':' digest |
"sha384" ':' digest |
"sha512" ':' digest

Digest_List ::= Digest_Spec |
Digest_Spec ',' Digest_List

Cmnd_List ::= Cmnd |
Cmnd ',' Cmnd_List

command name ::= file name |
file name args |
file name '""'

Edit_Spec ::= "sudoedit" file name+

Cmnd ::= Digest_List? '!'* command name |
'!'* directory |
'!'* Edit_Spec |
'!'* Cmnd_Alias

A Cmnd_List is a list of one or more command names, directories, and other aliases. A command name is a
fully qualified file name which may include shell-style wildcards (see the “Wildcards” section below). A
simple file name allows the user to run the command with any arguments they wish. However, you may also
specify command line arguments (including wildcards). Alternately, you can specify "" to indicate that
the command may only be run without command line arguments. A directory is a fully qualified path name
ending in a ‘/’. When you specify a directory in a Cmnd_List, the user will be able to run any file
within that directory (but not in any sub-directories therein).

If a Cmnd has associated command line arguments, then the arguments in the Cmnd must match exactly those
given by the user on the command line (or match the wildcards if there are any). Note that the following
characters must be escaped with a ‘\’ if they are used in command arguments: ‘,’, ‘:’, ‘=’, ‘\’. The
built-in command “sudoedit” is used to permit a user to run sudo with the -e option (or as sudoedit). It
may take command line arguments just as a normal command does. Note that “sudoedit” is a command built
into sudo itself and must be specified in the sudoers file without a leading path. If a leading path is
present, for example /usr/bin/sudoedit, the path name will be silently converted to “sudoedit”. A fully-
qualified path for sudoedit is treated as an error by visudo.

A command name may be preceded by a Digest_List, a comma-separated list of one or more Digest_Spec
entries. If a Digest_List is present, the command will only match successfully if it can be verified
using one of the SHA-2 digests in the list. Starting with version 1.9.0, the ALL reserved word can be
used in conjunction with a Digest_List. The following digest formats are supported: sha224, sha256,
sha384, and sha512. The string may be specified in either hex or base64 format (base64 is more compact).
There are several utilities capable of generating SHA-2 digests in hex format such as openssl, shasum,
sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum.

For example, using openssl:

$ openssl dgst -sha224 /bin/ls
SHA224(/bin/ls)= 118187da8364d490b4a7debbf483004e8f3e053ec954309de2c41a25

It is also possible to use openssl to generate base64 output:

$ openssl dgst -binary -sha224 /bin/ls | openssl base64
EYGH2oNk1JC0p9679IMATo8+BT7JVDCd4sQaJQ==

Warning, if the user has write access to the command itself (directly or via a sudo command), it may be
possible for the user to replace the command after the digest check has been performed but before the
command is executed. A similar race condition exists on systems that lack the fexecve() system call when
the directory in which the command is located is writable by the user. See the description of the fdexec
setting for more information on how sudo executes commands that have an associated digest.

Command digests are only supported by version 1.8.7 or higher.

Defaults
Certain configuration options may be changed from their default values at run-time via one or more
Default_Entry lines. These may affect all users on any host, all users on a specific host, a specific
user, a specific command, or commands being run as a specific user. Note that per-command entries may
not include command line arguments. If you need to specify arguments, define a Cmnd_Alias and reference
that instead.

Default_Type ::= 'Defaults' |
'Defaults' '@' Host_List |
'Defaults' ':' User_List |
'Defaults' '!' Cmnd_List |
'Defaults' '>' Runas_List

Default_Entry ::= Default_Type Parameter_List

Parameter_List ::= Parameter |
Parameter ',' Parameter_List

Parameter ::= Parameter '=' Value |
Parameter '+=' Value |
Parameter '-=' Value |
'!'* Parameter

Parameters may be flags, integer values, strings, or lists. Flags are implicitly boolean and can be
turned off via the ‘!’ operator. Some integer, string and list parameters may also be used in a boolean
context to disable them. Values may be enclosed in double quotes ("") when they contain multiple words.
Special characters may be escaped with a backslash (‘\’).

To include a literal backslash character in a command line argument you must escape the backslash twice.
For example, to match ‘\n’ as part of a command line argument, you must use ‘\\\\n’ in the sudoers file.
This is due to there being two levels of escaping, one in the sudoers parser itself and another when
command line arguments are matched by the fnmatch(3) function.

Lists have two additional assignment operators, += and -=. These operators are used to add to and delete
from a list respectively. It is not an error to use the -= operator to remove an element that does not
exist in a list.

Defaults entries are parsed in the following order: generic, host, user, and runas Defaults first, then
command defaults. If there are multiple Defaults settings of the same type, the last matching setting is
used. The following Defaults settings are parsed before all others since they may affect subsequent
entries: fqdn, group_plugin, runas_default, sudoers_locale.

See “SUDOERS OPTIONS” for a list of supported Defaults parameters.

User specification
User_Spec ::= User_List Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List \
(':' Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List)*

Cmnd_Spec_List ::= Cmnd_Spec |
Cmnd_Spec ',' Cmnd_Spec_List

Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? Option_Spec* Tag_Spec* Cmnd

Runas_Spec ::= '(' Runas_List? (':' Runas_List)? ')'

Option_Spec ::= (SELinux_Spec | Date_Spec | Timeout_Spec | Chdir_Spec | Chroot_Spec)

SELinux_Spec ::= ('ROLE=role' | 'TYPE=type')

Date_Spec ::= ('NOTBEFORE=timestamp' | 'NOTAFTER=timestamp')

Timeout_Spec ::= 'TIMEOUT=timeout'

Chdir_Spec ::= 'CWD=directory'

Chroot_Spec ::= 'CHROOT=directory'

A user specification determines which commands a user may run (and as what user) on specified hosts. By
default, commands are run as root, but this can be changed on a per-command basis.

The basic structure of a user specification is “who where = (as_whom) what”. Let's break that down into
its constituent parts:

Runas_Spec
A Runas_Spec determines the user and/or the group that a command may be run as. A fully-specified
Runas_Spec consists of two Runas_Lists (as defined above) separated by a colon (‘:’) and enclosed in a
set of parentheses. The first Runas_List indicates which users the command may be run as via the -u
option. The second defines a list of groups that may be specified via the -g option (in addition to any
of the target user's groups). If both Runas_Lists are specified, the command may be run with any
combination of users and groups listed in their respective Runas_Lists. If only the first is specified,
the command may be run as any user in the list and, optionally, with any group the target user belongs
to. If the first Runas_List is empty but the second is specified, the command may be run as the invoking
user with the group set to any listed in the Runas_List. If both Runas_Lists are empty, the command may
only be run as the invoking user and the group, if specified, must be one that the invoking user is a
member of. If no Runas_Spec is specified, the command may only be run as root and the group, if
specified, must be one that root is a member of.

A Runas_Spec sets the default for the commands that follow it. What this means is that for the entry:

dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm

The user dgb may run /bin/ls, /bin/kill, and /usr/bin/lprm on the host boulder—but only as operator.
E.g.,

$ sudo -u operator /bin/ls

It is also possible to override a Runas_Spec later on in an entry. If we modify the entry like so:

dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm

Then user dgb is now allowed to run /bin/ls as operator, but /bin/kill and /usr/bin/lprm as root.

We can extend this to allow dgb to run /bin/ls with either the user or group set to operator:

dgb boulder = (operator : operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill,\
/usr/bin/lprm

Note that while the group portion of the Runas_Spec permits the user to run as command with that group,
it does not force the user to do so. If no group is specified on the command line, the command will run
with the group listed in the target user's password database entry. The following would all be permitted
by the sudoers entry above:

$ sudo -u operator /bin/ls
$ sudo -u operator -g operator /bin/ls
$ sudo -g operator /bin/ls

In the following example, user tcm may run commands that access a modem device file with the dialer
group.

tcm boulder = (:dialer) /usr/bin/tip, /usr/bin/cu,\
/usr/local/bin/minicom

Note that in this example only the group will be set, the command still runs as user tcm. E.g.

$ sudo -g dialer /usr/bin/cu

Multiple users and groups may be present in a Runas_Spec, in which case the user may select any
combination of users and groups via the -u and -g options. In this example:

alan ALL = (root, bin : operator, system) ALL

user alan may run any command as either user root or bin, optionally setting the group to operator or
system.

Option_Spec
A Cmnd may have zero or more options associated with it. Options may consist of SELinux roles and/or
types, start and/or end dates and command timeouts. Once an option is set for a Cmnd, subsequent Cmnds
in the Cmnd_Spec_List, inherit that option unless it is overridden by another option. Note that the
option names are reserved words in sudoers. This means that none of the valid option names (see below)
can be used when declaring an alias.

SELinux_Spec
On systems with SELinux support, sudoers file entries may optionally have an SELinux role and/or type
associated with a command. This can be used to implement a form of role-based access control (RBAC). If
a role or type is specified with the command it will override any default values specified in sudoers. A
role or type specified on the command line, however, will supersede the values in sudoers.

Date_Spec
sudoers rules can be specified with a start and end date via the NOTBEFORE and NOTAFTER settings. The
time stamp must be specified in Generalized Time as defined by RFC 4517. The format is effectively
yyyymmddHHMMSSZ where the minutes and seconds are optional. The ‘Z’ suffix indicates that the time stamp
is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). It is also possible to specify a timezone offset from UTC in
hours and minutes instead of a ‘Z’. For example, ‘-0500’ would correspond to Eastern Standard time in
the US. As an extension, if no ‘Z’ or timezone offset is specified, local time will be used.

The following are all valid time stamps:

20170214083000Z
2017021408Z
20160315220000-0500
20151201235900

Timeout_Spec
A command may have a timeout associated with it. If the timeout expires before the command has exited,
the command will be terminated. The timeout may be specified in combinations of days, hours, minutes,
and seconds with a single-letter case-insensitive suffix that indicates the unit of time. For example, a
timeout of 7 days, 8 hours, 30 minutes, and 10 seconds would be written as 7d8h30m10s. If a number is
specified without a unit, seconds are assumed. Any of the days, minutes, hours, or seconds may be
omitted. The order must be from largest to smallest unit and a unit may not be specified more than once.

The following are all valid timeout values: 7d8h30m10s, 14d, 8h30m, 600s, 3600. The following are
invalid timeout values: 12m2w1d, 30s10m4h, 1d2d3h.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.20 or higher.

Chdir_Spec
The working directory that the command will be run in can be specified using the CWD setting. The
directory must be a fully-qualified path name beginning with a ‘/’ or ‘~’ character, or the special value
“*”. A value of “*” indicates that the user may specify the working directory by running sudo with the
-D option. By default, commands are run from the invoking user's current working directory, unless the
-i option is given. Path names of the form ~user/path/name are interpreted as being relative to the
named user's home directory. If the user name is omitted, the path will be relative to the runas user's
home directory.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.3 or higher.

Chroot_Spec
The root directory that the command will be run in can be specified using the CHROOT setting. The
directory must be a fully-qualified path name beginning with a ‘/’ or ‘~’ character, or the special value
“*”. A value of “*” indicates that the user may specify the root directory by running sudo with the -R
option. This setting can be used to run the command in a chroot(2) “sandbox” similar to the chroot(8)
utility. Path names of the form ~user/path/name are interpreted as being relative to the named user's
home directory. If the user name is omitted, the path will be relative to the runas user's home
directory.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.3 or higher.

Tag_Spec
A command may have zero or more tags associated with it. The following tag values are supported: EXEC,
NOEXEC, FOLLOW, NOFOLLOW, LOG_INPUT, NOLOG_INPUT, LOG_OUTPUT, NOLOG_OUTPUT, MAIL, NOMAIL, INTERCEPT,
NOINTERCEPT, PASSWD, NOPASSWD, SETENV, and NOSETENV. Once a tag is set on a Cmnd, subsequent Cmnds in
the Cmnd_Spec_List, inherit the tag unless it is overridden by the opposite tag (in other words, PASSWD
overrides NOPASSWD and NOEXEC overrides EXEC).

EXEC and NOEXEC

If sudo has been compiled with noexec support and the underlying operating system supports it, the
NOEXEC tag can be used to prevent a dynamically-linked executable from running further commands itself.

In the following example, user aaron may run /usr/bin/more and /usr/bin/vi but shell escapes will be
disabled.

aaron shanty = NOEXEC: /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/vi

See the “Preventing shell escapes” section below for more details on how NOEXEC works and whether or
not it will work on your system.

FOLLOW and NOFOLLOW Starting with version 1.8.15, sudoedit will not open a file that is a symbolic link
unless the sudoedit_follow flag is enabled. The FOLLOW and NOFOLLOW tags override the value of
sudoedit_follow and can be used to permit (or deny) the editing of symbolic links on a per-command
basis. These tags are only effective for the sudoedit command and are ignored for all other commands.

LOG_INPUT and NOLOG_INPUT

These tags override the value of the log_input flag on a per-command basis. For more information, see
the description of log_input in the “SUDOERS OPTIONS” section below.

LOG_OUTPUT and NOLOG_OUTPUT

These tags override the value of the log_output flag on a per-command basis. For more information, see
the description of log_output in the “SUDOERS OPTIONS” section below.

MAIL and NOMAIL

These tags provide fine-grained control over whether mail will be sent when a user runs a command by
overriding the value of the mail_all_cmnds flag on a per-command basis. They have no effect when sudo
is run with the -l or -v options. A NOMAIL tag will also override the mail_always and mail_no_perms
options. For more information, see the descriptions of mail_all_cmnds, mail_always, and mail_no_perms
in the “SUDOERS OPTIONS” section below.

PASSWD and NOPASSWD

By default, sudo requires that a user authenticate before running a command. This behavior can be
modified via the NOPASSWD tag. Like a Runas_Spec, the NOPASSWD tag sets a default for the commands
that follow it in the Cmnd_Spec_List. Conversely, the PASSWD tag can be used to reverse things. For
example:

ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm

would allow the user ray to run /bin/kill, /bin/ls, and /usr/bin/lprm as root on the machine “rushmore”
without authenticating himself. If we only want ray to be able to run /bin/kill without a password the
entry would be:

ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm

Note, however, that the PASSWD tag has no effect on users who are in the group specified by the
exempt_group setting.

By default, if the NOPASSWD tag is applied to any of a user's entries for the current host, the user
will be able to run “sudo -l” without a password. Additionally, a user may only run “sudo -v” without
a password if all of the user's entries for the current host have the NOPASSWD tag. This behavior may
be overridden via the verifypw and listpw options.

SETENV and NOSETENV

These tags override the value of the setenv flag on a per-command basis. Note that if SETENV has been
set for a command, the user may disable the env_reset flag from the command line via the -E option.
Additionally, environment variables set on the command line are not subject to the restrictions imposed
by env_check, env_delete, or env_keep. As such, only trusted users should be allowed to set variables
in this manner. If the command matched is ALL, the SETENV tag is implied for that command; this
default may be overridden by use of the NOSETENV tag.

INTERCEPT and NOINTERCEPT

If sudo has been compiled with intercept support and the underlying operating system supports it, the
INTERCEPT tag can be used to cause programs spawned by a command to be validated against sudoers and
logged just like they would be if run through sudo directly. This is useful in conjunction with
commands that allow shell escapes such as editors, shells, and paginators.

In the following example, user chuck may run any command on the machine “research” in intercept mode.

chuck research = INTERCEPT: ALL

See the “Preventing shell escapes” section below for more details on how INTERCEPT works and whether or
not it will work on your system.

Wildcards
sudo allows shell-style wildcards (aka meta or glob characters) to be used in host names, path names, and
command line arguments in the sudoers file. Wildcard matching is done via the glob(3) and fnmatch(3)
functions as specified by IEEE Std 1003.1 (“POSIX.1”).

* Matches any set of zero or more characters (including white space).

? Matches any single character (including white space).

[...] Matches any character in the specified range.

[!...] Matches any character not in the specified range.

\x For any character ‘x’, evaluates to ‘x’. This is used to escape special characters such as:
‘*’, ‘?’, ‘[’, and ‘]’.

Note that these are not regular expressions. Unlike a regular expression there is no way to match one or
more characters within a range.

Character classes may be used if your system's glob(3) and fnmatch(3) functions support them. However,
because the ‘:’ character has special meaning in sudoers, it must be escaped. For example:

/bin/ls [[\:alpha\:]]*

Would match any file name beginning with a letter.

Note that a forward slash (‘/’) will not be matched by wildcards used in the file name portion of the
command. This is to make a path like:

/usr/bin/*

match /usr/bin/who but not /usr/bin/X11/xterm.

When matching the command line arguments, however, a slash does get matched by wildcards since command
line arguments may contain arbitrary strings and not just path names.

Wildcards in command line arguments should be used with care.
Command line arguments are matched as a single, concatenated string. This mean a wildcard character such
as ‘?’ or ‘*’ will match across word boundaries, which may be unexpected. For example, while a sudoers
entry like:

%operator ALL = /bin/cat /var/log/messages*

will allow command like:

$ sudo cat /var/log/messages.1

It will also allow:

$ sudo cat /var/log/messages /etc/shadow

which is probably not what was intended. In most cases it is better to do command line processing
outside of the sudoers file in a scripting language.

Exceptions to wildcard rules
The following exceptions apply to the above rules:

"" If the empty string "" is the only command line argument in the sudoers file entry it means
that command is not allowed to be run with any arguments.

sudoedit Command line arguments to the sudoedit built-in command should always be path names, so a
forward slash (‘/’) will not be matched by a wildcard.

Including other files from within sudoers
It is possible to include other sudoers files from within the sudoers file currently being parsed using
the @include and @includedir directives. For compatibility with sudo versions prior to 1.9.1, #include
and #includedir are also accepted.

An include file can be used, for example, to keep a site-wide sudoers file in addition to a local, per-
machine file. For the sake of this example the site-wide sudoers file will be /etc/sudoers and the per-
machine one will be /etc/sudoers.local. To include /etc/sudoers.local from within /etc/sudoers one would
use the following line in /etc/sudoers:

@include /etc/sudoers.local

When sudo reaches this line it will suspend processing of the current file (/etc/sudoers) and switch to
/etc/sudoers.local. Upon reaching the end of /etc/sudoers.local, the rest of /etc/sudoers will be
processed. Files that are included may themselves include other files. A hard limit of 128 nested
include files is enforced to prevent include file loops.

Starting with version 1.9.1, the path to the include file may contain white space if it is escaped with a
backslash (‘\’). Alternately, the entire path may be enclosed in double quotes (""), in which case no
escaping is necessary. To include a literal backslash in the path, ‘\\’ should be used.

If the path to the include file is not fully-qualified (does not begin with a ‘/’), it must be located in
the same directory as the sudoers file it was included from. For example, if /etc/sudoers contains the
line:

@include sudoers.local

the file that will be included is /etc/sudoers.local.

The file name may also include the %h escape, signifying the short form of the host name. In other
words, if the machine's host name is “xerxes”, then

@include /etc/sudoers.%h

will cause sudo to include the file /etc/sudoers.xerxes.

The @includedir directive can be used to create a sudoers.d directory that the system package manager can
drop sudoers file rules into as part of package installation. For example, given:

@includedir /etc/sudoers.d

sudo will suspend processing of the current file and read each file in /etc/sudoers.d, skipping file
names that end in ‘~’ or contain a ‘.’ character to avoid causing problems with package manager or editor
temporary/backup files. Files are parsed in sorted lexical order. That is, /etc/sudoers.d/01_first will
be parsed before /etc/sudoers.d/10_second. Be aware that because the sorting is lexical, not numeric,
/etc/sudoers.d/1_whoops would be loaded after /etc/sudoers.d/10_second. Using a consistent number of
leading zeroes in the file names can be used to avoid such problems. After parsing the files in the
directory, control returns to the file that contained the @includedir directive.

Note that unlike files included via @include, visudo will not edit the files in a @includedir directory
unless one of them contains a syntax error. It is still possible to run visudo with the -f flag to edit
the files directly, but this will not catch the redefinition of an alias that is also present in a
different file.

Other special characters and reserved words
The pound sign (‘#’) is used to indicate a comment (unless it is part of a #include directive or unless
it occurs in the context of a user name and is followed by one or more digits, in which case it is
treated as a user-ID). Both the comment character and any text after it, up to the end of the line, are
ignored.

The reserved word ALL is a built-in alias that always causes a match to succeed. It can be used wherever
one might otherwise use a Cmnd_Alias, User_Alias, Runas_Alias, or Host_Alias. Attempting to define an
alias named ALL will result in a syntax error. Please note that using ALL can be dangerous since in a
command context, it allows the user to run any command on the system.

The following option names permitted in an Option_Spec are also considered reserved words: CHROOT, ROLE,
TYPE, TIMEOUT, CWD, NOTBEFORE and NOTAFTER. Attempting to define an alias with the same name as one of
the options will result in a syntax error.

An exclamation point (‘!’) can be used as a logical not operator in a list or alias as well as in front
of a Cmnd. This allows one to exclude certain values. For the ‘!’ operator to be effective, there must
be something for it to exclude. For example, to match all users except for root one would use:

ALL,!root

If the ALL, is omitted, as in:

!root

it would explicitly deny root but not match any other users. This is different from a true “negation”
operator.

Note, however, that using a ‘!’ in conjunction with the built-in ALL alias to allow a user to run “all
but a few” commands rarely works as intended (see “SECURITY NOTES” below).

Long lines can be continued with a backslash (‘\’) as the last character on the line.

White space between elements in a list as well as special syntactic characters in a User Specification
(‘=’, ‘:’, ‘(’, ‘)’) is optional.

The following characters must be escaped with a backslash (‘\’) when used as part of a word (e.g., a user
name or host name): ‘!’, ‘=’, ‘:’, ‘,’, ‘(’, ‘)’, ‘\’.

SUDOERS OPTIONS

sudo's behavior can be modified by Default_Entry lines, as explained earlier. A list of all supported
Defaults parameters, grouped by type, are listed below.

Boolean Flags:

always_query_group_plugin
If a group_plugin is configured, use it to resolve groups of the form %group as long as
there is not also a system group of the same name. Normally, only groups of the form
%:group are passed to the group_plugin. This flag is off by default.

always_set_home If enabled, sudo will set the HOME environment variable to the home directory of the
target user (which is the root user unless the -u option is used). This flag is
largely obsolete and has no effect unless the env_reset flag has been disabled or HOME
is present in the env_keep list, both of which are strongly discouraged. This flag is
off by default.

authenticate If set, users must authenticate themselves via a password (or other means of
authentication) before they may run commands. This default may be overridden via the
PASSWD and NOPASSWD tags. This flag is on by default.

case_insensitive_group
If enabled, group names in sudoers will be matched in a case insensitive manner. This
may be necessary when users are stored in LDAP or AD. This flag is on by default.

case_insensitive_user
If enabled, user names in sudoers will be matched in a case insensitive manner. This
may be necessary when groups are stored in LDAP or AD. This flag is on by default.

closefrom_override
If set, the user may use the -C option which overrides the default starting point at
which sudo begins closing open file descriptors. This flag is off by default.

compress_io If set, and sudo is configured to log a command's input or output, the I/O logs will be
compressed using zlib. This flag is on by default when sudo is compiled with zlib
support.

exec_background By default, sudo runs a command as the foreground process as long as sudo itself is
running in the foreground. When the exec_background flag is enabled and the command is
being run in a pseudo-terminal (due to I/O logging or the use_pty flag), the command
will be run as a background process. Attempts to read from the controlling terminal
(or to change terminal settings) will result in the command being suspended with the
SIGTTIN signal (or SIGTTOU in the case of terminal settings). If this happens when
sudo is a foreground process, the command will be granted the controlling terminal and
resumed in the foreground with no user intervention required. The advantage of
initially running the command in the background is that sudo need not read from the
terminal unless the command explicitly requests it. Otherwise, any terminal input must
be passed to the command, whether it has required it or not (the kernel buffers
terminals so it is not possible to tell whether the command really wants the input).
This is different from historic sudo behavior or when the command is not being run in a
pseudo-terminal.

For this to work seamlessly, the operating system must support the automatic restarting
of system calls. Unfortunately, not all operating systems do this by default, and even
those that do may have bugs. For example, macOS fails to restart the tcgetattr() and
tcsetattr() system calls (this is a bug in macOS). Furthermore, because this behavior
depends on the command stopping with the SIGTTIN or SIGTTOU signals, programs that
catch these signals and suspend themselves with a different signal (usually SIGTOP)
will not be automatically foregrounded. Some versions of the linux su(1) command
behave this way. This flag is off by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.7 or higher. It has no effect unless I/O
logging is enabled or the use_pty flag is enabled.

env_editor If set, visudo will use the value of the SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or EDITOR environment
variables before falling back on the default editor list. Note that visudo is
typically run as root so this flag may allow a user with visudo privileges to run
arbitrary commands as root without logging. An alternative is to place a colon-
separated list of “safe” editors int the editor setting. visudo will then only use
SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or EDITOR if they match a value specified in editor. If the
env_reset flag is enabled, the SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL and/or EDITOR environment variables
must be present in the env_keep list for the env_editor flag to function when visudo is
invoked via sudo. This flag is on by default.

env_reset If set, sudo will run the command in a minimal environment containing the TERM, PATH,
HOME, MAIL, SHELL, LOGNAME, USER and SUDO_* variables. Any variables in the caller's
environment or in the file specified by the restricted_env_file setting that match the
env_keep and env_check lists are then added, followed by any variables present in the
file specified by the env_file setting (if any). The contents of the env_keep and
env_check lists, as modified by global Defaults parameters in sudoers, are displayed
when sudo is run by root with the -V option. If the secure_path setting is enabled,
its value will be used for the PATH environment variable. This flag is on by default.

fast_glob Normally, sudo uses the glob(3) function to do shell-style globbing when matching path
names. However, since it accesses the file system, glob(3) can take a long time to
complete for some patterns, especially when the pattern references a network file
system that is mounted on demand (auto mounted). The fast_glob flag causes sudo to use
the fnmatch(3) function, which does not access the file system to do its matching. The
disadvantage of fast_glob is that it is unable to match relative path names such as
./ls or ../bin/ls. This has security implications when path names that include
globbing characters are used with the negation operator, ‘!’, as such rules can be
trivially bypassed. As such, this flag should not be used when the sudoers file
contains rules that contain negated path names which include globbing characters. This
flag is off by default.

fqdn Set this flag if you want to put fully qualified host names in the sudoers file when
the local host name (as returned by the hostname command) does not contain the domain
name. In other words, instead of myhost you would use myhost.mydomain.edu. You may
still use the short form if you wish (and even mix the two). This flag is only
effective when the “canonical” host name, as returned by the getaddrinfo() or
gethostbyname() function, is a fully-qualified domain name. This is usually the case
when the system is configured to use DNS for host name resolution.

If the system is configured to use the /etc/hosts file in preference to DNS, the
“canonical” host name may not be fully-qualified. The order that sources are queried
for host name resolution is usually specified in the /etc/nsswitch.conf,
/etc/netsvc.conf, /etc/host.conf, or, in some cases, /etc/resolv.conf file. In the
/etc/hosts file, the first host name of the entry is considered to be the “canonical”
name; subsequent names are aliases that are not used by sudoers. For example, the
following hosts file line for the machine “xyzzy” has the fully-qualified domain name
as the “canonical” host name, and the short version as an alias.

192.168.1.1 xyzzy.sudo.ws xyzzy

If the machine's hosts file entry is not formatted properly, the fqdn flag will not be
effective if it is queried before DNS.

Beware that when using DNS for host name resolution, turning on fqdn requires sudoers
to make DNS lookups which renders sudo unusable if DNS stops working (for example if
the machine is disconnected from the network). Also note that just like with the hosts
file, you must use the “canonical” name as DNS knows it. That is, you may not use a
host alias (CNAME entry) due to performance issues and the fact that there is no way to
get all aliases from DNS.

This flag is on by default.

ignore_audit_errors
Allow commands to be run even if sudoers cannot write to the audit log. If enabled, an
audit log write failure is not treated as a fatal error. If disabled, a command may
only be run after the audit event is successfully written. This flag is only effective
on systems for which sudoers supports audit logging, including FreeBSD, Linux, macOS,
and Solaris. This flag is on by default.

ignore_dot If set, sudo will ignore "." or "" (both denoting current directory) in the PATH
environment variable; the PATH itself is not modified. This flag is off by default.

ignore_iolog_errors
Allow commands to be run even if sudoers cannot write to the I/O log (local or remote).
If enabled, an I/O log write failure is not treated as a fatal error. If disabled, the
command will be terminated if the I/O log cannot be written to. This flag is off by
default.

ignore_logfile_errors
Allow commands to be run even if sudoers cannot write to the log file. If enabled, a
log file write failure is not treated as a fatal error. If disabled, a command may
only be run after the log file entry is successfully written. This flag only has an
effect when sudoers is configured to use file-based logging via the logfile setting.
This flag is on by default.

ignore_local_sudoers
If set via LDAP, parsing of /etc/sudoers will be skipped. This is intended for
Enterprises that wish to prevent the usage of local sudoers files so that only LDAP is
used. This thwarts the efforts of rogue operators who would attempt to add roles to
/etc/sudoers. When this flag is enabled, /etc/sudoers does not even need to exist.
Since this flag tells sudo how to behave when no specific LDAP entries have been
matched, this sudoOption is only meaningful for the cn=defaults section. This flag is
off by default.

ignore_unknown_defaults
If set, sudo will not produce a warning if it encounters an unknown Defaults entry in
the sudoers file or an unknown sudoOption in LDAP. This flag is off by default.

insults If set, sudo will insult users when they enter an incorrect password. This flag is off
by default.

log_allowed If set, sudoers will log commands allowed by the policy to the system audit log (where
supported) as well as to syslog and/or a log file. This flag is on by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.29 or higher.

log_denied If set, sudoers will log commands denied by the policy to the system audit log (where
supported) as well as to syslog and/or a log file. This flag is on by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.29 or higher.

log_exit_status If set, sudoers will log the exit value of commands that are run to syslog and/or a log
file. If a command was terminated by a signal, the signal name is logged as well.
This flag is off by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.8 or higher.

log_host If set, the host name will be included in log entries written to the file configured by
the logfile setting. This flag is off by default.

log_input If set, sudo will run the command in a pseudo-terminal and log all user input. If the
standard input is not connected to the user's tty, due to I/O redirection or because
the command is part of a pipeline, that input is also captured and stored in a separate
log file. Anything sent to the standard input will be consumed, regardless of whether
or not the command run via sudo is actually reading the standard input. This may have
unexpected results when using sudo in a shell script that expects to process the
standard input. For more information about I/O logging, see the “I/O LOG FILES”
section. This flag is off by default.

log_output If set, sudo will run the command in a pseudo-terminal and log all output that is sent
to the screen, similar to the script(1) command. For more information about I/O
logging, see the “I/O LOG FILES” section. This flag is off by default.

log_server_keepalive
If set, sudo will enable the TCP keepalive socket option on the connection to the log
server. This enables the periodic transmission of keepalive messages to the server.
If the server does not respond to a message, the connection will be closed and the
running command will be terminated unless the ignore_iolog_errors flag (I/O logging
enabled) or the ignore_log_errors flag (I/O logging disabled) is set. This flag is on
by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.0 or higher.

log_server_verify
If set, the server certificate received during the TLS handshake must be valid and it
must contain either the server name (from log_servers) or its IP address. If either of
these conditions is not met, the TLS handshake will fail. This flag is on by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.0 or higher.

log_subcmds If set, sudoers will log when a command spawns a child process and executes a program
using the execl(), execle(), execlp(), execv(), execve(), execvp(), or execvpe()
library functions. For example, if a shell is run by sudo, the individual commands run
via the shell will be logged. This flag is off by default.

The log_subcmds flag uses the same underlying mechanism as the intercept setting. See
“Preventing shell escapes” for more information on what systems support this option and
its limitations. This setting is only supported by version 1.9.8 or higher and is
incompatible with SELinux RBAC support.

log_year If set, the four-digit year will be logged in the (non-syslog) sudo log file. This
flag is off by default.

long_otp_prompt When validating with a One Time Password (OTP) scheme such as S/Key or OPIE, a two-line
prompt is used to make it easier to cut and paste the challenge to a local window.
It's not as pretty as the default but some people find it more convenient. This flag
is off by default.

mail_all_cmnds Send mail to the mailto user every time a user attempts to run a command via sudo (this
includes sudoedit). No mail will be sent if the user runs sudo with the -l or -v
option unless there is an authentication error and the mail_badpass flag is also set.
This flag is off by default.

mail_always Send mail to the mailto user every time a user runs sudo. This flag is off by default.

mail_badpass Send mail to the mailto user if the user running sudo does not enter the correct
password. If the command the user is attempting to run is not permitted by sudoers and
one of the mail_all_cmnds, mail_always, mail_no_host, mail_no_perms or mail_no_user
flags are set, this flag will have no effect. This flag is off by default.

mail_no_host If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user exists in the sudoers
file, but is not allowed to run commands on the current host. This flag is off by
default.

mail_no_perms If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user is allowed to use
sudo but the command they are trying is not listed in their sudoers file entry or is
explicitly denied. This flag is off by default.

mail_no_user If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user is not in the sudoers
file. This flag is on by default.

match_group_by_gid
By default, sudoers will look up each group the user is a member of by group-ID to
determine the group name (this is only done once). The resulting list of the user's
group names is used when matching groups listed in the sudoers file. This works well
on systems where the number of groups listed in the sudoers file is larger than the
number of groups a typical user belongs to. On systems where group lookups are slow,
where users may belong to a large number of groups, and where the number of groups
listed in the sudoers file is relatively small, it may be prohibitively expensive and
running commands via sudo may take longer than normal. On such systems it may be
faster to use the match_group_by_gid flag to avoid resolving the user's group-IDs to
group names. In this case, sudoers must look up any group name listed in the sudoers
file and use the group-ID instead of the group name when determining whether the user
is a member of the group.

Note that if match_group_by_gid is enabled, group database lookups performed by sudoers
will be keyed by group name as opposed to group-ID. On systems where there are
multiple sources for the group database, it is possible to have conflicting group names
or group-IDs in the local /etc/group file and the remote group database. On such
systems, enabling or disabling match_group_by_gid can be used to choose whether group
database queries are performed by name (enabled) or ID (disabled), which may aid in
working around group entry conflicts.

The match_group_by_gid flag has no effect when sudoers data is stored in LDAP. This
flag is off by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.18 or higher.

intercept If set, all commands run via sudo will behave as if the INTERCEPT tag has been set,
unless overridden by an NOINTERCEPT tag. See the description of INTERCEPT and
NOINTERCEPT above as well as the “Preventing shell escapes” section at the end of this
manual. This flag is off by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.8 or higher and is incompatible with
SELinux RBAC support.

intercept_allow_setid
On most systems, the dynamic loader will ignore LD_PRELOAD (or the equivalent) when
running set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs, effectively disabling intercept mode.
To prevent this from happening, sudoers will not permit a set-user-ID or set-group-ID
program to be run in intercept mode unless intercept_allow_setid is set. This flag has
no effect unless the intercept flag is enabled or the INTERCEPT tag has been set for
the command. This flag is on by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.8 or higher.

intercept_authenticate
If set, commands run by an intercepted process must be authenticated when the user's
time stamp is not current. For example, if a shell is run with intercept enabled, as
soon as the invoking user's time stamp is out of date, subsequent commands will need to
be authenticated. This flag has no effect unless the intercept flag is enabled or the
INTERCEPT tag has been set for the command. This flag is off by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.8 or higher.

netgroup_tuple If set, netgroup lookups will be performed using the full netgroup tuple: host name,
user name, and domain (if one is set). Historically, sudo only matched the user name
and domain for netgroups used in a User_List and only matched the host name and domain
for netgroups used in a Host_List. This flag is off by default.

noexec If set, all commands run via sudo will behave as if the NOEXEC tag has been set, unless
overridden by an EXEC tag. See the description of EXEC and NOEXEC above as well as the
“Preventing shell escapes” section at the end of this manual. This flag is off by
default.

pam_acct_mgmt On systems that use PAM for authentication, sudo will perform PAM account validation
for the invoking user by default. The actual checks performed depend on which PAM
modules are configured. If enabled, account validation will be performed regardless of
whether or not a password is required. This flag is on by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.28 or higher.

pam_rhost On systems that use PAM for authentication, sudo will set the PAM remote host value to
the name of the local host when the pam_rhost flag is enabled. On Linux systems,
enabling pam_rhost may result in DNS lookups of the local host name when PAM is
initialized. On Solaris versions prior to Solaris 8, pam_rhost must be enabled if
pam_ruser is also enabled to avoid a crash in the Solaris PAM implementation.

This flag is off by default on systems other than Solaris.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.0 or higher.

pam_ruser On systems that use PAM for authentication, sudo will set the PAM remote user value to
the name of the user that invoked sudo when the pam_ruser flag is enabled. This flag
is on by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.0 or higher.

pam_session On systems that use PAM for authentication, sudo will create a new PAM session for the
command to be run in. Unless sudo is given the -i or -s options, PAM session modules
are run with the “silent” flag enabled. This prevents last login information from
being displayed for every command on some systems. Disabling pam_session may be needed
on older PAM implementations or on operating systems where opening a PAM session
changes the utmp or wtmp files. If PAM session support is disabled, resource limits
may not be updated for the command being run. If pam_session, pam_setcred, and use_pty
are disabled, log_servers has not been set and I/O logging has not been configured,
sudo will execute the command directly instead of running it as a child process. This
flag is on by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.7 or higher.

pam_setcred On systems that use PAM for authentication, sudo will attempt to establish credentials
for the target user by default, if supported by the underlying authentication system.
One example of a credential is a Kerberos ticket. If pam_session, pam_setcred, and
use_pty are disabled, log_servers has not been set and I/O logging has not been
configured, sudo will execute the command directly instead of running it as a child
process. This flag is on by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.8 or higher.

passprompt_override
If set, the prompt specified by passprompt or the SUDO_PROMPT environment variable will
always be used and will replace the prompt provided by a PAM module or other
authentication method. This flag is off by default.

path_info Normally, sudo will tell the user when a command could not be found in their PATH
environment variable. Some sites may wish to disable this as it could be used to
gather information on the location of executables that the normal user does not have
access to. The disadvantage is that if the executable is simply not in the user's
PATH, sudo will tell the user that they are not allowed to run it, which can be
confusing. This flag is on by default.

preserve_groups By default, sudo will initialize the group vector to the list of groups the target user
is in. When preserve_groups is set, the user's existing group vector is left
unaltered. The real and effective group-IDs, however, are still set to match the
target user. This flag is off by default.

pwfeedback By default, sudo reads the password like most other Unix programs, by turning off echo
until the user hits the return (or enter) key. Some users become confused by this as
it appears to them that sudo has hung at this point. When pwfeedback is set, sudo will
provide visual feedback when the user presses a key. Note that this does have a
security impact as an onlooker may be able to determine the length of the password
being entered. This flag is off by default.

requiretty If set, sudo will only run when the user is logged in to a real tty. When this flag is
set, sudo can only be run from a login session and not via other means such as cron(8)
or cgi-bin scripts. This flag is off by default.

root_sudo If set, root is allowed to run sudo too. Disabling this prevents users from “chaining”
sudo commands to get a root shell by doing something like “sudo sudo /bin/sh”. Note,
however, that turning off root_sudo will also prevent root from running sudoedit.
Disabling root_sudo provides no real additional security; it exists purely for
historical reasons. This flag is on by default.

rootpw If set, sudo will prompt for the root password instead of the password of the invoking
user when running a command or editing a file. This flag is off by default.

runas_allow_unknown_id
If enabled, allow matching of runas user and group IDs that are not present in the
password or group databases. In addition to explicitly matching unknown user or group
IDs in a Runas_List, this option also allows the ALL alias to match unknown IDs. This
flag is off by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.30 or higher. Older versions of sudo
always allowed matching of unknown user and group IDs.

runas_check_shell
If enabled, sudo will only run commands as a user whose shell appears in the
/etc/shells file, even if the invoking user's Runas_List would otherwise permit it. If
no /etc/shells file is present, a system-dependent list of built-in default shells is
used. On many operating systems, system users such as “bin”, do not have a valid shell
and this flag can be used to prevent commands from being run as those users. This flag
is off by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.30 or higher.

runaspw If set, sudo will prompt for the password of the user defined by the runas_default
option (defaults to root) instead of the password of the invoking user when running a
command or editing a file. This flag is off by default.

selinux If enabled, the user may specify an SELinux role and/or type to use when running the
command, as permitted by the SELinux policy. If SELinux is disabled on the system,
this flag has no effect. This flag is on by default.

set_home If enabled and sudo is invoked with the -s option, the HOME environment variable will
be set to the home directory of the target user (which is the root user unless the -u
option is used). This flag is largely obsolete and has no effect unless the env_reset
flag has been disabled or HOME is present in the env_keep list, both of which are
strongly discouraged. This flag is off by default.

set_logname Normally, sudo will set the LOGNAME and USER environment variables to the name of the
target user (usually root unless the -u option is given). However, since some programs
(including the RCS revision control system) use LOGNAME to determine the real identity
of the user, it may be desirable to change this behavior. This can be done by negating
the set_logname option. Note that set_logname will have no effect if the env_reset
option has not been disabled and the env_keep list contains LOGNAME or USER. This flag
is on by default.

set_utmp When enabled, sudo will create an entry in the utmp (or utmpx) file when a pseudo-
terminal is allocated. A pseudo-terminal is allocated by sudo when it is running in a
terminal and one or more of the log_input, log_output, or use_pty flags is enabled. By
default, the new entry will be a copy of the user's existing utmp entry (if any), with
the tty, time, type, and pid fields updated. This flag is on by default.

setenv Allow the user to disable the env_reset option from the command line via the -E option.
Additionally, environment variables set via the command line are not subject to the
restrictions imposed by env_check, env_delete, or env_keep. As such, only trusted
users should be allowed to set variables in this manner. This flag is off by default.

shell_noargs If set and sudo is invoked with no arguments it acts as if the -s option had been
given. That is, it runs a shell as root (the shell is determined by the SHELL
environment variable if it is set, falling back on the shell listed in the invoking
user's /etc/passwd entry if not). This flag is off by default.

stay_setuid Normally, when sudo executes a command the real and effective user-IDs are set to the
target user (root by default). This option changes that behavior such that the real
user-ID is left as the invoking user's user-ID. In other words, this makes sudo act as
a set-user-ID wrapper. This can be useful on systems that disable some potentially
dangerous functionality when a program is run set-user-ID. This option is only
effective on systems that support either the setreuid(2) or setresuid(2) system call.
This flag is off by default.

sudoedit_checkdir
If set, sudoedit will check all directory components of the path to be edited for
writability by the invoking user. Symbolic links will not be followed in writable
directories and sudoedit will refuse to edit a file located in a writable directory.
These restrictions are not enforced when sudoedit is run by root. On some systems, if
all directory components of the path to be edited are not readable by the target user,
sudoedit will be unable to edit the file. This flag is on by default.

This setting was first introduced in version 1.8.15 but initially suffered from a race
condition. The check for symbolic links in writable intermediate directories was added
in version 1.8.16.

sudoedit_follow By default, sudoedit will not follow symbolic links when opening files. The
sudoedit_follow option can be enabled to allow sudoedit to open symbolic links. It may
be overridden on a per-command basis by the FOLLOW and NOFOLLOW tags. This flag is off
by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.15 or higher.

syslog_pid When logging via syslog(3), include the process ID in the log entry. This flag is off
by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.21 or higher.

targetpw If set, sudo will prompt for the password of the user specified by the -u option
(defaults to root) instead of the password of the invoking user when running a command
or editing a file. Note that this flag precludes the use of a user-ID not listed in
the passwd database as an argument to the -u option. This flag is off by default.

tty_tickets If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty basis. With this flag enabled, sudo will
use a separate record in the time stamp file for each terminal. If disabled, a single
record is used for all login sessions.

This option has been superseded by the timestamp_type option.

umask_override If set, sudo will set the umask as specified in the sudoers file without modification.
This makes it possible to specify a umask in the sudoers file that is more permissive
than the user's own umask and matches historical behavior. If umask_override is not
set, sudo will set the umask to be the union of the user's umask and what is specified
in sudoers. This flag is off by default.

use_netgroups If set, netgroups (prefixed with ‘+’), may be used in place of a user or host. For
LDAP-based sudoers, netgroup support requires an expensive sub-string match on the
server unless the NETGROUP_BASE directive is present in the /etc/sudo-ldap.conf file.
If netgroups are not needed, this option can be disabled to reduce the load on the LDAP
server. This flag is on by default.

use_pty If set, and sudo is running in a terminal, the command will be run in a pseudo-terminal
(even if no I/O logging is being done). If the sudo process is not attached to a
terminal, use_pty has no effect.

A malicious program run under sudo may be capable of injecting commands into the user's
terminal or running a background process that retains access to the user's terminal
device even after the main program has finished executing. By running the command in a
separate pseudo-terminal, this attack is no longer possible. This flag is off by
default.

user_command_timeouts
If set, the user may specify a timeout on the command line. If the timeout expires
before the command has exited, the command will be terminated. If a timeout is
specified both in the sudoers file and on the command line, the smaller of the two
timeouts will be used. See the Timeout_Spec section for a description of the timeout
syntax. This flag is off by default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.20 or higher.

utmp_runas If set, sudo will store the name of the runas user when updating the utmp (or utmpx)
file. By default, sudo stores the name of the invoking user. This flag is off by
default.

visiblepw By default, sudo will refuse to run if the user must enter a password but it is not
possible to disable echo on the terminal. If the visiblepw flag is set, sudo will
prompt for a password even when it would be visible on the screen. This makes it
possible to run things like “ssh somehost sudo ls” since by default, ssh(1) does not
allocate a tty when running a command. This flag is off by default.

Integers:

closefrom Before it executes a command, sudo will close all open file descriptors other than
standard input, standard output, and standard error (file descriptors 0-2). The
closefrom option can be used to specify a different file descriptor at which to start
closing. The default is 3.

command_timeout The maximum amount of time a command is allowed to run before it is terminated. See
the Timeout_Spec section for a description of the timeout syntax.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.20 or higher.

log_server_timeout
The maximum amount of time to wait when connecting to a log server or waiting for a
server response. See the Timeout_Spec section for a description of the timeout syntax.
The default value is 30 seconds.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.0 or higher.

maxseq The maximum sequence number that will be substituted for the “%{seq}” escape in the I/O
log file (see the iolog_dir description below for more information). While the value
substituted for “%{seq}” is in base 36, maxseq itself should be expressed in decimal.
Values larger than 2176782336 (which corresponds to the base 36 sequence number
“ZZZZZZ”) will be silently truncated to 2176782336. The default value is 2176782336.

Once the local sequence number reaches the value of maxseq, it will “roll over” to
zero, after which sudoers will truncate and re-use any existing I/O log path names.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.7 or higher.

passwd_tries The number of tries a user gets to enter his/her password before sudo logs the failure
and exits. The default is 3.

syslog_maxlen On many systems, syslog(3) has a relatively small log buffer. IETF RFC 5424 states
that syslog servers must support messages of at least 480 bytes and should support
messages up to 2048 bytes. By default, sudoers creates log messages up to 980 bytes
which corresponds to the historic BSD syslog implementation which used a 1024 byte
buffer to store the message, date, hostname, and program name. To prevent syslog
messages from being truncated, sudoers will split up log messages that are larger than
syslog_maxlen bytes. When a message is split, additional parts will include the string
“(command continued)” after the user name and before the continued command line
arguments.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.19 or higher.

Integers that can be used in a boolean context:

loglinelen Number of characters per line for the file log. This value is used to decide when to
wrap lines for nicer log files. This has no effect on the syslog log file, only the
file log. The default is 80 (use 0 or negate the option to disable word wrap).

passwd_timeout Number of minutes before the sudo password prompt times out, or 0 for no timeout. The
timeout may include a fractional component if minute granularity is insufficient, for
example 2.5. The default is 0.

timestamp_timeout
Number of minutes that can elapse before sudo will ask for a passwd again. The timeout
may include a fractional component if minute granularity is insufficient, for example
2.5. The default is 15. Set this to 0 to always prompt for a password. If set to a
value less than 0 the user's time stamp will not expire until the system is rebooted.
This can be used to allow users to create or delete their own time stamps via “sudo -v”
and “sudo -k” respectively.

umask File mode creation mask to use when running the command. Negate this option or set it
to 0777 to prevent sudoers from changing the umask. Unless the umask_override flag is
set, the actual umask will be the union of the user's umask and the value of the umask
setting, which defaults to 0022. This guarantees that sudo never lowers the umask when
running a command.

If umask is explicitly set in sudoers, it will override any umask setting in PAM or
login.conf. If umask is not set in sudoers, the umask specified by PAM or login.conf
will take precedence. The umask setting in PAM is not used for sudoedit, which does
not create a new PAM session.

Strings:

authfail_message Message that is displayed after a user fails to authenticate. The message may include
the ‘%d’ escape which will expand to the number of failed password attempts. If set,
it overrides the default message, %d incorrect password attempt(s).

badpass_message Message that is displayed if a user enters an incorrect password. The default is
Sorry, try again. unless insults are enabled.

editor A colon (‘:’) separated list of editors path names used by sudoedit and visudo. For
sudoedit, this list is used to find an editor when none of the SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or
EDITOR environment variables are set to an editor that exists and is executable. For
visudo, it is used as a white list of allowed editors; visudo will choose the editor
that matches the user's SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or EDITOR environment variable if possible,
or the first editor in the list that exists and is executable if not. Unless invoked
as sudoedit, sudo does not preserve the SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or EDITOR environment
variables unless they are present in the env_keep list or the env_reset option is
disabled. The default is /usr/bin/editor.

iolog_dir The top-level directory to use when constructing the path name for the input/output log
directory. Only used if the log_input or log_output options are enabled or when the
LOG_INPUT or LOG_OUTPUT tags are present for a command. The session sequence number,
if any, is stored in the directory. The default is /var/log/sudo-io.

The following percent (‘%’) escape sequences are supported:

%{seq}
expanded to a monotonically increasing base-36 sequence number, such as 0100A5,
where every two digits are used to form a new directory, e.g., 01/00/A5

%{user}
expanded to the invoking user's login name

%{group}
expanded to the name of the invoking user's real group-ID

%{runas_user}
expanded to the login name of the user the command will be run as (e.g., root)

%{runas_group}
expanded to the group name of the user the command will be run as (e.g., wheel)

%{hostname}
expanded to the local host name without the domain name

%{command}
expanded to the base name of the command being run

In addition, any escape sequences supported by the system's strftime(3) function will
be expanded.

To include a literal ‘%’ character, the string ‘%%’ should be used.

iolog_file The path name, relative to iolog_dir, in which to store input/output logs when the
log_input or log_output options are enabled or when the LOG_INPUT or LOG_OUTPUT tags
are present for a command. Note that iolog_file may contain directory components. The
default is “%{seq}”.

See the iolog_dir option above for a list of supported percent (‘%’) escape sequences.

In addition to the escape sequences, path names that end in six or more Xs will have
the Xs replaced with a unique combination of digits and letters, similar to the
mktemp(3) function.

If the path created by concatenating iolog_dir and iolog_file already exists, the
existing I/O log file will be truncated and overwritten unless iolog_file ends in six
or more Xs.

iolog_flush If set, sudo will flush I/O log data to disk after each write instead of buffering it.
This makes it possible to view the logs in real-time as the program is executing but
may significantly reduce the effectiveness of I/O log compression. This flag is off by
default.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.20 or higher.

iolog_group The group name to look up when setting the group-ID on new I/O log files and
directories. If iolog_group is not set, the primary group-ID of the user specified by
iolog_user is used. If neither iolog_group nor iolog_user are set, I/O log files and
directories are created with group-ID 0.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.19 or higher.

iolog_mode The file mode to use when creating I/O log files. Mode bits for read and write
permissions for owner, group, or other are honored, everything else is ignored. The
file permissions will always include the owner read and write bits, even if they are
not present in the specified mode. When creating I/O log directories, search (execute)
bits are added to match the read and write bits specified by iolog_mode. Defaults to
0600 (read and write by user only).

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.19 or higher.

iolog_user The user name to look up when setting the user and group-IDs on new I/O log files and
directories. If iolog_group is set, it will be used instead of the user's primary
group-ID. By default, I/O log files and directories are created with user and group-ID
0.

This setting can be useful when the I/O logs are stored on a Network File System (NFS)
share. Having a dedicated user own the I/O log files means that sudoers does not write
to the log files as user-ID 0, which is usually not permitted by NFS.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.19 or higher.

lecture_status_dir
The directory in which sudo stores per-user lecture status files. Once a user has
received the lecture, a zero-length file is created in this directory so that sudo will
not lecture the user again. This directory should not be cleared when the system
reboots. The default is /var/lib/sudo/lectured.

log_server_cabundle
The path to a certificate authority bundle file, in PEM format, to use instead of the
system's default certificate authority database when authenticating the log server.
The default is to use the system's default certificate authority database. This
setting has no effect unless log_servers is set and the remote log server is secured
with TLS.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.0 or higher.

log_server_peer_cert
The path to the sudo client's certificate file, in PEM format. This setting is
required when the remote log server is secured with TLS and client certificate
validation is enabled. For sudo_logsrvd, client certificate validation is controlled
by the tls_checkpeer option, which defaults to false.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.0 or higher.

log_server_peer_key
The path to the sudo client's private key file, in PEM format. This setting is
required when the remote log server is secured with TLS and client certificate
validation is enabled. For sudo_logsrvd, client certificate validation is controlled
by the tls_checkpeer option, which defaults to false.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.0 or higher.

mailsub Subject of the mail sent to the mailto user. The escape %h will expand to the host
name of the machine. Default is “*** SECURITY information for %h ***”.

noexec_file As of sudo version 1.8.1 this option is no longer supported. The path to the noexec
file should now be set in the sudo.conf(5) file.

pam_askpass_service
On systems that use PAM for authentication, this is the service name used when the -A
option is specified. The default value is either “@pam_service@” or “sudo-i”,
depending on whether or not the -i option is also specified. See the description of
pam_service for more information.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.9 or higher.

pam_login_service
On systems that use PAM for authentication, this is the service name used when the -i
option is specified. The default value is “sudo-i”. See the description of
pam_service for more information.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.8 or higher.

pam_service On systems that use PAM for authentication, the service name specifies the PAM policy
to apply. This usually corresponds to an entry in the pam.conf file or a file in the
/etc/pam.d directory. The default value is “sudo”.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.8 or higher.

passprompt The default prompt to use when asking for a password; can be overridden via the -p
option or the SUDO_PROMPT environment variable. The following percent (‘%’) escape
sequences are supported:

%H expanded to the local host name including the domain name (only if the machine's
host name is fully qualified or the fqdn option is set)

%h expanded to the local host name without the domain name

%p expanded to the user whose password is being asked for (respects the rootpw,
targetpw and runaspw flags in sudoers)

%U expanded to the login name of the user the command will be run as (defaults to
root)

%u expanded to the invoking user's login name

%% two consecutive % characters are collapsed into a single % character

On systems that use PAM for authentication, passprompt will only be used if the prompt
provided by the PAM module matches the string “Password: ” or “username's Password: ”.
This ensures that the passprompt setting does not interfere with challenge-response
style authentication. The passprompt_override flag can be used to change this
behavior.

The default value is “[sudo] password for %p: ”.

role The default SELinux role to use when constructing a new security context to run the
command. The default role may be overridden on a per-command basis in the sudoers file
or via command line options. This option is only available when sudo is built with
SELinux support.

runas_default The default user to run commands as if the -u option is not specified on the command
line. This defaults to root.

sudoers_locale Locale to use when parsing the sudoers file, logging commands, and sending email. Note
that changing the locale may affect how sudoers is interpreted. Defaults to “C”.

timestamp_type sudoers uses per-user time stamp files for credential caching. The timestamp_type
option can be used to specify the type of time stamp record used. It has the following
possible values:

global A single time stamp record is used for all of a user's login sessions,
regardless of the terminal or parent process ID. An additional record is used
to serialize password prompts when sudo is used multiple times in a pipeline,
but this does not affect authentication.

ppid A single time stamp record is used for all processes with the same parent
process ID (usually the shell). Commands run from the same shell (or other
common parent process) will not require a password for timestamp_timeout
minutes (15 by default). Commands run via sudo with a different parent process
ID, for example from a shell script, will be authenticated separately.

tty One time stamp record is used for each terminal, which means that a user's
login sessions are authenticated separately. If no terminal is present, the
behavior is the same as ppid. Commands run from the same terminal will not
require a password for timestamp_timeout minutes (15 by default).

kernel The time stamp is stored in the kernel as an attribute of the terminal device.
If no terminal is present, the behavior is the same as ppid. Negative
timestamp_timeout values are not supported and positive values are limited to a
maximum of 60 minutes. This is currently only supported on OpenBSD.

The default value is tty.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.21 or higher.

timestampdir The directory in which sudo stores its time stamp files. This directory should be
cleared when the system reboots. The default is /run/sudo/ts.

timestampowner The owner of the lecture status directory, time stamp directory and all files stored
therein. The default is root.

type The default SELinux type to use when constructing a new security context to run the
command. The default type may be overridden on a per-command basis in the sudoers file
or via command line options. This option is only available when sudo is built with
SELinux support.

Strings that can be used in a boolean context:

admin_flag The admin_flag option specifies the path to a file that is created the first time a user
that is a member of the sudo or admin groups runs sudo. Only available if sudo is
configured with the --enable-admin-flag option. The default value is
~/.sudo_as_admin_successful.

env_file The env_file option specifies the fully qualified path to a file containing variables to be
set in the environment of the program being run. Entries in this file should either be of
the form “VARIABLE=value” or “export VARIABLE=value”. The value may optionally be enclosed
in single or double quotes. Variables in this file are only added if the variable does not
already exist in the environment. This file is considered to be part of the security
policy, its contents are not subject to other sudo environment restrictions such as
env_keep and env_check.

exempt_group Users in this group are exempt from password and PATH requirements. The group name
specified should not include a % prefix. This is not set by default.

fdexec Determines whether sudo will execute a command by its path or by an open file descriptor.
It has the following possible values:

always Always execute by file descriptor.

never Never execute by file descriptor.

digest_only
Only execute by file descriptor if the command has an associated digest in the
sudoers file.

The default value is digest_only. This avoids a time of check versus time of use race
condition when the command is located in a directory writable by the invoking user.

Note that fdexec will change the first element of the argument vector for scripts ($0 in
the shell) due to the way the kernel runs script interpreters. Instead of being a normal
path, it will refer to a file descriptor. For example, /dev/fd/4 on Solaris and
/proc/self/fd/4 on Linux. A workaround is to use the SUDO_COMMAND environment variable
instead.

The fdexec setting is only used when the command is matched by path name. It has no effect
if the command is matched by the built-in ALL alias.

This setting is only supported by version 1.8.20 or higher. If the operating system does
not support the fexecve() system call, this setting has no effect.

group_plugin A string containing a sudoers group plugin with optional arguments. The string should
consist of the plugin path, either fully-qualified or relative to the /usr/libexec/sudo
directory, followed by any configuration arguments the plugin requires. These arguments
(if any) will be passed to the plugin's initialization function. If arguments are present,
the string must be enclosed in double quotes ("").

For more information see “GROUP PROVIDER PLUGINS”.

lecture This option controls when a short lecture will be printed along with the password prompt.
It has the following possible values:

always Always lecture the user.

never Never lecture the user.

once Only lecture the user the first time they run sudo.

If no value is specified, a value of once is implied. Negating the option results in a
value of never being used. The default value is never.

lecture_file Path to a file containing an alternate sudo lecture that will be used in place of the
standard lecture if the named file exists. By default, sudo uses a built-in lecture.

listpw This option controls when a password will be required when a user runs sudo with the -l
option. It has the following possible values:

all All the user's sudoers file entries for the current host must have the NOPASSWD
flag set to avoid entering a password.

always The user must always enter a password to use the -l option.

any At least one of the user's sudoers file entries for the current host must have
the NOPASSWD flag set to avoid entering a password.

never The user need never enter a password to use the -l option.

If no value is specified, a value of any is implied. Negating the option results in a
value of never being used. The default value is any.

log_format The event log format. Supported log formats are:

json Logs in JSON format. JSON log entries contain the full user details as well as
the execution environment if the command was allowed. Due to limitations of the
protocol, JSON events sent via syslog may be truncated.

sudo Traditional sudo-style logs, see “LOG FORMAT” for a description of the log file
format.

This setting affects logs sent via syslog(3) as well as the file specified by the logfile
setting, if any. The default value is sudo.

logfile Path to the sudo log file (not the syslog log file). Setting a path turns on logging to a
file; negating this option turns it off. By default, sudo logs via syslog.

mailerflags Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to -t.

mailerpath Path to mail program used to send warning mail. Defaults to the path to sendmail found at
configure time.

mailfrom Address to use for the “from” address when sending warning and error mail. The address
should be enclosed in double quotes ("") to protect against sudo interpreting the @ sign.
Defaults to the name of the user running sudo.

mailto Address to send warning and error mail to. The address should be enclosed in double quotes
("") to protect against sudo interpreting the @ sign. Defaults to root.

rlimit_as The maximum size to which the process's address space may grow (in bytes), if supported by
the operating system. See “Resource limits” for more information.

rlimit_core The largest size core dump file that may be created (in bytes). See “Resource limits” for
more information. Defaults to 0 (no core dump created).

rlimit_cpu The maximum amount of CPU time that the process may use (in seconds). See “Resource
limits” for more information.

rlimit_data The maximum size of the data segment for the process (in bytes). See “Resource limits” for
more information.

rlimit_fsize The largest size file that the process may create (in bytes). See “Resource limits” for
more information.

rlimit_locks The maximum number of locks that the process may establish, if supported by the operating
system. See “Resource limits” for more information.

rlimit_memlock
The maximum size that the process may lock in memory (in bytes), if supported by the
operating system. See “Resource limits” for more information.

rlimit_nofile
The maximum number of files that the process may have open. See “Resource limits” for more
information.

rlimit_nproc The maximum number of processes that the user may run simultaneously. See “Resource
limits” for more information.

rlimit_rss The maximum size to which the process's resident set size may grow (in bytes). See
“Resource limits” for more information.

rlimit_stack The maximum size to which the process's stack may grow (in bytes). See “Resource limits”
for more information.

restricted_env_file
The restricted_env_file option specifies the fully qualified path to a file containing
variables to be set in the environment of the program being run. Entries in this file
should either be of the form “VARIABLE=value” or “export VARIABLE=value”. The value may
optionally be enclosed in single or double quotes. Variables in this file are only added
if the variable does not already exist in the environment. Unlike env_file, the file's
contents are not trusted and are processed in a manner similar to that of the invoking
user's environment. If env_reset is enabled, variables in the file will only be added if
they are matched by either the env_check or env_keep list. If env_reset is disabled,
variables in the file are added as long as they are not matched by the env_delete list. In
either case, the contents of restricted_env_file are processed before the contents of
env_file.

runchroot If set, sudo will use this value for the root directory when running a command. The
special value “*” will allow the user to specify the root directory via sudo's -R option.
See the “Chroot_Spec” section for more details.

It is only possible to use runchroot as a command-specific Defaults setting if the command
exists with the same path both inside and outside the chroot jail. This restriction does
not apply to generic, host, or user-based Defaults settings or to a Cmnd_Spec that includes
a Chroot_Spec.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.3 or higher.

runcwd If set, sudo will use this value for the working directory when running a command. The
special value “*” will allow the user to specify the working directory via sudo's -D
option. See the “Chdir_Spec” section for more details.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.3 or higher.

secure_path If set, sudo will use this value in place of the user's PATH environment variable. This
option can be used to reset the PATH to a known good value that contains directories for
system administrator commands such as /usr/sbin.

Users in the group specified by the exempt_group option are not affected by secure_path.
This option is not set by default.

syslog Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging (negate to disable syslog logging).
Defaults to authpriv.

The following syslog facilities are supported: authpriv (if your OS supports it), auth,
daemon, user, local0, local1, local2, local3, local4, local5, local6, and local7.

syslog_badpri
Syslog priority to use when the user is not allowed to run a command or when authentication
is unsuccessful. Defaults to alert.

The following syslog priorities are supported: alert, crit, debug, emerg, err, info,
notice, warning, and none. Negating the option or setting it to a value of none will
disable logging of unsuccessful commands.

syslog_goodpri
Syslog priority to use when the user is allowed to run a command and authentication is
successful. Defaults to notice.

See syslog_badpri for the list of supported syslog priorities. Negating the option or
setting it to a value of none will disable logging of successful commands.

verifypw This option controls when a password will be required when a user runs sudo with the -v
option. It has the following possible values:

all All the user's sudoers file entries for the current host must have the NOPASSWD
flag set to avoid entering a password.

always The user must always enter a password to use the -v option.

any At least one of the user's sudoers file entries for the current host must have the
NOPASSWD flag set to avoid entering a password.

never The user need never enter a password to use the -v option.

If no value is specified, a value of all is implied. Negating the option results in a
value of never being used. The default value is all.

Lists that can be used in a boolean context:

env_check Environment variables to be removed from the user's environment unless they are
considered “safe”. For all variables except TZ, “safe” means that the variable's value
does not contain any ‘%’ or ‘/’ characters. This can be used to guard against printf-
style format vulnerabilities in poorly-written programs. The TZ variable is considered
unsafe if any of the following are true:

• It consists of a fully-qualified path name, optionally prefixed with a colon (‘:’),
that does not match the location of the zoneinfo directory.

• It contains a .. path element.

• It contains white space or non-printable characters.

• It is longer than the value of PATH_MAX.

The argument may be a double-quoted, space-separated list or a single value without
double-quotes. The list can be replaced, added to, deleted from, or disabled by using
the =, +=, -=, and ! operators respectively. Regardless of whether the env_reset
option is enabled or disabled, variables specified by env_check will be preserved in
the environment if they pass the aforementioned check. The global list of environment
variables to check is displayed when sudo is run by root with the -V option.

env_delete Environment variables to be removed from the user's environment when the env_reset
option is not in effect. The argument may be a double-quoted, space-separated list or
a single value without double-quotes. The list can be replaced, added to, deleted
from, or disabled by using the =, +=, -=, and ! operators respectively. The global
list of environment variables to remove is displayed when sudo is run by root with the
-V option. Note that many operating systems will remove potentially dangerous
variables from the environment of any set-user-ID process (such as sudo).

env_keep Environment variables to be preserved in the user's environment when the env_reset
option is in effect. This allows fine-grained control over the environment
sudo-spawned processes will receive. The argument may be a double-quoted, space-
separated list or a single value without double-quotes. The list can be replaced,
added to, deleted from, or disabled by using the =, +=, -=, and ! operators
respectively. The global list of variables to keep is displayed when sudo is run by
root with the -V option.

Preserving the HOME environment variable has security implications since many programs
use it when searching for configuration or data files. Adding HOME to env_keep may
enable a user to run unrestricted commands via sudo and is strongly discouraged. Users
wishing to edit files with sudo should run sudoedit (or sudo -e) to get their
accustomed editor configuration instead of invoking the editor directly.

log_servers A list of one or more servers to use for remote event and I/O log storage, separated by
white space. Log servers must be running sudo_logsrvd or another service that
implements the protocol described by sudo_logsrv.proto(5).

Server addresses should be of the form “host[:port][(tls)]”. The host portion may be a
host name, an IPv4 address, or an IPv6 address in square brackets.

If the optional tls flag is present, the connection will be secured with Transport
Layer Security (TLS) version 1.2 or 1.3. Versions of TLS prior to 1.2 are not
supported.

If a port is specified, it may either be a port number or a well-known service name as
defined by the system service name database. If no port is specified, port 30343 will
be used for plaintext connections and port 30344 will be used for TLS connections.

When log_servers is set, event log data will be logged both locally (see the syslog and
log_file settings) as well as remotely, but I/O log data will only be logged remotely.
If multiple hosts are specified, they will be attempted in reverse order. If no log
servers are available, the user will not be able to run a command unless either the
ignore_iolog_errors flag (I/O logging enabled) or the ignore_log_errors flag (I/O
logging disabled) is set. Likewise, if the connection to the log server is interrupted
while sudo is running, the command will be terminated unless the ignore_iolog_errors
flag (I/O logging enabled) or the ignore_log_errors flag (I/O logging disabled) is set.

This setting is only supported by version 1.9.0 or higher.

GROUP PROVIDER PLUGINS

The sudoers plugin supports its own plugin interface to allow non-Unix group lookups which can query a
group source other than the standard Unix group database. This can be used to implement support for the
nonunix_group syntax described earlier.

Group provider plugins are specified via the group_plugin setting. The argument to group_plugin should
consist of the plugin path, either fully-qualified or relative to the /usr/libexec/sudo directory,
followed by any configuration options the plugin requires. These options (if specified) will be passed
to the plugin's initialization function. If options are present, the string must be enclosed in double
quotes ("").

The following group provider plugins are installed by default:

group_file
The group_file plugin supports an alternate group file that uses the same syntax as the
/etc/group file. The path to the group file should be specified as an option to the plugin.
For example, if the group file to be used is /etc/sudo-group:

Defaults group_plugin="group_file.so /etc/sudo-group"

system_group
The system_group plugin supports group lookups via the standard C library functions getgrnam()
and getgrid(). This plugin can be used in instances where the user belongs to groups not
present in the user's supplemental group vector. This plugin takes no options:

Defaults group_plugin=system_group.so

The group provider plugin API is described in detail in sudo_plugin(5).

LOG FORMAT

sudoers can log events in either JSON or sudo format, this section describes the sudo log format.
Depending on sudoers configuration, sudoers can log events via syslog(3), to a local log file, or both.
The log format is almost identical in both cases. Any control characters present in the log data are
formatted in octal with a leading ‘#’ character. For example, a horizontal tab is stored as ‘#011’ and
an embedded carriage return is stored as ‘#015’. In addition, space characters in the command path are
stored as ‘#040’. Command line arguments that contain spaces are enclosed in single quotes (''). This
makes it possible to distinguish multiple command line arguments from a single argument that contains
spaces. Literal single quotes and backslash characters (‘\’) in command line arguments are escaped with
a backslash.

Accepted command log entries
Commands that sudo runs are logged using the following format (split into multiple lines for
readability):

date hostname progname: username : TTY=ttyname ; CHROOT=chroot ; \
PWD=cwd ; USER=runasuser ; GROUP=runasgroup ; TSID=logid ; \
ENV=env_vars COMMAND=command

Where the fields are as follows:

date The date the command was run. Typically, this is in the format “MMM, DD, HH:MM:SS”. If
logging via syslog(3), the actual date format is controlled by the syslog daemon. If
logging to a file and the log_year option is enabled, the date will also include the year.

hostname The name of the host sudo was run on. This field is only present when logging via
syslog(3).

progname The name of the program, usually sudo or sudoedit. This field is only present when logging
via syslog(3).

username The login name of the user who ran sudo.

ttyname The short name of the terminal (e.g., “console”, “tty01”, or “pts/0”) sudo was run on, or
“unknown” if there was no terminal present.

chroot The root directory that the command was run in, if one was specified.

cwd The current working directory that sudo was run in.

runasuser The user the command was run as.

runasgroup The group the command was run as if one was specified on the command line.

logid An I/O log identifier that can be used to replay the command's output. This is only
present when the log_input or log_output option is enabled.

env_vars A list of environment variables specified on the command line, if specified.

command The actual command that was executed, including any command line arguments.

Messages are logged using the locale specified by sudoers_locale, which defaults to the “C” locale.

Denied command log entries
If the user is not allowed to run the command, the reason for the denial will follow the user name.
Possible reasons include:

user NOT in sudoers
The user is not listed in the sudoers file.

user NOT authorized on host
The user is listed in the sudoers file but is not allowed to run commands on the host.

command not allowed
The user is listed in the sudoers file for the host but they are not allowed to run the specified
command.

3 incorrect password attempts
The user failed to enter their password after 3 tries. The actual number of tries will vary based on
the number of failed attempts and the value of the passwd_tries option.

a password is required
The -n option was specified but a password was required.

sorry, you are not allowed to set the following environment variables
The user specified environment variables on the command line that were not allowed by sudoers.

Error log entries
If an error occurs, sudoers will log a message and, in most cases, send a message to the administrator
via email. Possible errors include:

parse error in /etc/sudoers near line N
sudoers encountered an error when parsing the specified file. In some cases, the actual error may be
one line above or below the line number listed, depending on the type of error.

problem with defaults entries
The sudoers file contains one or more unknown Defaults settings. This does not prevent sudo from
running, but the sudoers file should be checked using visudo.

timestamp owner (username): No such user
The time stamp directory owner, as specified by the timestampowner setting, could not be found in the
password database.

unable to open/read /etc/sudoers
The sudoers file could not be opened for reading. This can happen when the sudoers file is located on
a remote file system that maps user-ID 0 to a different value. Normally, sudoers tries to open the
sudoers file using group permissions to avoid this problem. Consider either changing the ownership of
/etc/sudoers or adding an argument like “sudoers_uid=N” (where ‘N’ is the user-ID that owns the sudoers
file) to the end of the sudoers Plugin line in the sudo.conf(5) file.

unable to stat /etc/sudoers
The /etc/sudoers file is missing.

/etc/sudoers is not a regular file
The /etc/sudoers file exists but is not a regular file or symbolic link.

/etc/sudoers is owned by uid N, should be 0
The sudoers file has the wrong owner. If you wish to change the sudoers file owner, please add
“sudoers_uid=N” (where ‘N’ is the user-ID that owns the sudoers file) to the sudoers Plugin line in the
sudo.conf(5) file.

/etc/sudoers is world writable
The permissions on the sudoers file allow all users to write to it. The sudoers file must not be
world-writable, the default file mode is 0440 (readable by owner and group, writable by none). The
default mode may be changed via the “sudoers_mode” option to the sudoers Plugin line in the
sudo.conf(5) file.

/etc/sudoers is owned by gid N, should be 1
The sudoers file has the wrong group ownership. If you wish to change the sudoers file group
ownership, please add “sudoers_gid=N” (where ‘N’ is the group-ID that owns the sudoers file) to the
sudoers Plugin line in the sudo.conf(5) file.

unable to open /run/sudo/ts/username
sudoers was unable to read or create the user's time stamp file. This can happen when timestampowner
is set to a user other than root and the mode on /run/sudo is not searchable by group or other. The
default mode for /run/sudo is 0711.

unable to write to /run/sudo/ts/username
sudoers was unable to write to the user's time stamp file.

/run/sudo/ts is owned by uid X, should be Y
The time stamp directory is owned by a user other than timestampowner. This can occur when the value
of timestampowner has been changed. sudoers will ignore the time stamp directory until the owner is
corrected.

/run/sudo/ts is group writable
The time stamp directory is group-writable; it should be writable only by timestampowner. The default
mode for the time stamp directory is 0700. sudoers will ignore the time stamp directory until the mode
is corrected.

Notes on logging via syslog
By default, sudoers logs messages via syslog(3). The date, hostname, and progname fields are added by
the system's syslog() function, not sudoers itself. As such, they may vary in format on different
systems.

The maximum size of syslog messages varies from system to system. The syslog_maxlen setting can be used
to change the maximum syslog message size from the default value of 980 bytes. For more information, see
the description of syslog_maxlen.

Notes on logging to a file
If the logfile option is set, sudoers will log to a local file, such as /var/log/sudo. When logging to a
file, sudoers uses a format similar to syslog(3), with a few important differences:

1. The progname field is not present.

2. The hostname is only logged if the log_host option is enabled.

3. The date does not include the year unless the log_year option is enabled.

4. Lines that are longer than loglinelen characters (80 by default) are word-wrapped and continued on
the next line with a four character indent. This makes entries easier to read for a human being,
but makes it more difficult to use grep(1) on the log files. If the loglinelen option is set to 0
(or negated with a ‘!’), word wrap will be disabled.

I/O LOG FILES

When I/O logging is enabled, sudo will run the command in a pseudo-terminal and log all user input and/or
output, depending on which options are enabled. I/O can be logged either to the local machine or to a
remote log server. For local logs, I/O is logged to the directory specified by the iolog_dir option
(/var/log/sudo-io by default) using a unique session ID that is included in the sudo log line, prefixed
with “TSID=”. The iolog_file option may be used to control the format of the session ID. For remote
logs, the log_servers setting is used to specify one or more log servers running sudo_logsrvd or another
server that implements the protocol described by sudo_logsrv.proto(5).

For both local and remote I/O logs, each log is stored in a separate directory that contains the
following files:

log A text file containing information about the command. The first line consists of the following
colon-delimited fields: the time the command was run, the name of the user who ran sudo, the
name of the target user, the name of the target group (optional), the terminal that sudo was
run from, and the number of lines and columns of the terminal. The second and third lines
contain the working directory the command was run from and the path name of the command itself
(with arguments if present).

log.json A JSON-formatted file containing information about the command. This is similar to the log
file but contains additional information and is easily extensible. The log.json file will be
used by sudoreplay(8) in preference to the log file if it exists. The file may contain the
following elements:

timestamp
A JSON object containing time the command was run. It consists of two values,
seconds and nanoseconds.

columns The number of columns of the terminal the command ran on, or zero if no terminal was
present.

command The fully-qualified path of the command that was run.

lines The number of lines of the terminal the command ran on, or zero if no terminal was
present.

runargv A JSON array representing the command's argument vector as passed to the execve()
system call.

runenv A JSON array representing the command's environment as passed to the execve() system
call.

rungid The group ID the command ran as. This element is only present when the user
specifies a group on the command line.

rungroup The name of the group the command ran as. This element is only present when the user
specifies a group on the command line.

runuid The user ID the command ran as.

runuser The name of the user the command ran as.

submitcwd
The current working directory at the time sudo was run.

submithost
The name of the host the command was run on.

submituser
The name of the user who ran the command via sudo.

ttyname The path name of the terminal the user invoked sudo from. If the command was run in
a pseudo-terminal, ttyname will be different from the terminal the command actually
ran in.

timing Timing information used to replay the session. Each line consists of the I/O log entry type
and amount of time since the last entry, followed by type-specific data. The I/O log entry
types and their corresponding type-specific data are:

0 standard input, number of bytes in the entry
1 standard output, number of bytes in the entry
2 standard error, number of bytes in the entry
3 terminal input, number of bytes in the entry
4 terminal output, number of bytes in the entry
5 window change, new number lines and columns
6 bug compatibility for sudo 1.8.7 terminal output
7 command suspend or resume, signal received

ttyin Raw input from the user's terminal, exactly as it was received. No post-processing is
performed. For manual viewing, you may wish to convert carriage return characters in the log
to line feeds. For example: ‘gunzip -c ttyin | tr "\r" "\n"’

stdin The standard input when no terminal is present, or input redirected from a pipe or file.

ttyout Output from the pseudo-terminal (what the command writes to the screen). Note that terminal-
specific post-processing is performed before the data is logged. This means that, for example,
line feeds are usually converted to line feed/carriage return pairs and tabs may be expanded to
spaces.

stdout The standard output when no terminal is present, or output redirected to a pipe or file.

stderr The standard error redirected to a pipe or file.

All files other than log are compressed in gzip format unless the compress_io flag has been disabled.
Due to buffering, it is not normally possible to display the I/O logs in real-time as the program is
executing. The I/O log data will not be complete until the program run by sudo has exited or has been
terminated by a signal. The iolog_flush flag can be used to disable buffering, in which case I/O log
data is written to disk as soon as it is available. The output portion of an I/O log file can be viewed
with the sudoreplay(8) utility, which can also be used to list or search the available logs.

Note that user input may contain sensitive information such as passwords (even if they are not echoed to
the screen), which will be stored in the log file unencrypted. In most cases, logging the command output
via log_output or LOG_OUTPUT is all that is required.

Since each session's I/O logs are stored in a separate directory, traditional log rotation utilities
cannot be used to limit the number of I/O logs. The simplest way to limit the number of I/O is by
setting the maxseq option to the maximum number of logs you wish to store. Once the I/O log sequence
number reaches maxseq, it will be reset to zero and sudoers will truncate and re-use any existing I/O
logs.

FILES

       /etc/sudo.conf            Sudo front-end configuration

       /etc/sudoers              List of who can run what

       /etc/group                Local groups file

       /etc/netgroup             List of network groups

       /var/log/sudo-io          I/O log files

       /run/sudo/ts              Directory containing time stamps for the sudoers security policy

       /var/lib/sudo/lectured    Directory containing lecture status files for the sudoers security policy

       /etc/environment          Initial environment for -i mode on AIX and Linux systems

EXAMPLES

       Below  are example sudoers file entries.  Admittedly, some of these are a bit contrived.  First, we allow
       a few environment variables to pass and then define our aliases:

       # Run X applications through sudo; HOME is used to find the
       # .Xauthority file.  Note that other programs use HOME to find
       # configuration files and this may lead to privilege escalation!
       Defaults env_keep += "DISPLAY HOME"

       # User alias specification
       User_Alias      FULLTIMERS = millert, mikef, dowdy
       User_Alias      PARTTIMERS = bostley, jwfox, crawl
       User_Alias      WEBADMIN = will, wendy, wim

       # Runas alias specification
       Runas_Alias     OP = root, operator
       Runas_Alias     DB = oracle, sybase
       Runas_Alias     ADMINGRP = adm, oper

       # Host alias specification
       Host_Alias      SPARC = bigtime, eclipse, moet, anchor :\
                       SGI = grolsch, dandelion, black :\
                       ALPHA = widget, thalamus, foobar :\
                       HPPA = boa, nag, python
       Host_Alias      CUNETS = 128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0
       Host_Alias      CSNETS = 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0/24, 128.138.242.0
       Host_Alias      SERVERS = primary, mail, www, ns
       Host_Alias      CDROM = orion, perseus, hercules

       # Cmnd alias specification
       Cmnd_Alias      DUMPS = /usr/bin/mt, /usr/sbin/dump, /usr/sbin/rdump,\
                               /usr/sbin/restore, /usr/sbin/rrestore,\
                               sha224:0GomF8mNN3wlDt1HD9XldjJ3SNgpFdbjO1+NsQ== \
                               /home/operator/bin/start_backups
       Cmnd_Alias      KILL = /usr/bin/kill
       Cmnd_Alias      PRINTING = /usr/sbin/lpc, /usr/bin/lprm
       Cmnd_Alias      SHUTDOWN = /usr/sbin/shutdown
       Cmnd_Alias      HALT = /usr/sbin/halt
       Cmnd_Alias      REBOOT = /usr/sbin/reboot
       Cmnd_Alias      SHELLS = /usr/bin/sh, /usr/bin/csh, /usr/bin/ksh,\
                                /usr/local/bin/tcsh, /usr/bin/rsh,\
                                /usr/local/bin/zsh
       Cmnd_Alias      SU = /usr/bin/su
       Cmnd_Alias      PAGERS = /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/pg, /usr/bin/less

       Here we override some of the compiled in default values.  We want sudo to log  via  syslog(3)  using  the
       auth  facility  in  all  cases  and  for  commands to be run with the target user's home directory as the
       working directory.  We don't want to subject the full time staff to the sudo lecture and we want to allow
       them to run commands in a chroot(2) “sandbox” via the  -R  option.   User  millert  need  not  provide  a
       password  and  we  don't want to reset the LOGNAME or USER environment variables when running commands as
       root.  Additionally, on the machines in the SERVERS Host_Alias, we keep an additional local log file  and
       make  sure  we log the year in each log line since the log entries will be kept around for several years.
       Lastly, we disable shell escapes for the commands in the PAGERS  Cmnd_Alias  (/usr/bin/more,  /usr/bin/pg
       and /usr/bin/less).  Note that this will not effectively constrain users with sudo ALL privileges.

       # Override built-in defaults
       Defaults                syslog=auth,runcwd=~
       Defaults>root           !set_logname
       Defaults:FULLTIMERS     !lecture,runchroot=*
       Defaults:millert        !authenticate
       Defaults@SERVERS        log_year, logfile=/var/log/sudo.log
       Defaults!PAGERS         noexec

       The User specification is the part that actually determines who may run what.

       root            ALL = (ALL) ALL
       %wheel          ALL = (ALL) ALL

       We let root and any user in group wheel run any command on any host as any user.

       FULLTIMERS      ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL

       Full  time  sysadmins  (millert, mikef, and dowdy) may run any command on any host without authenticating
       themselves.

       PARTTIMERS      ALL = ALL

       Part time sysadmins bostley, jwfox, and crawl) may run any command on any host but they must authenticate
       themselves first (since the entry lacks the NOPASSWD tag).

       jack            CSNETS = ALL

       The user jack may run any command on the machines  in  the  CSNETS  alias  (the  networks  128.138.243.0,
       128.138.204.0,  and  128.138.242.0).   Of  those networks, only 128.138.204.0 has an explicit netmask (in
       CIDR notation) indicating it is a class C network.  For the other networks in CSNETS, the local machine's
       netmask will be used during matching.

       lisa            CUNETS = ALL

       The user lisa may run any command on any host in the CUNETS alias (the class B network 128.138.0.0).

       operator        ALL = DUMPS, KILL, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT, PRINTING,\
                       sudoedit /etc/printcap, /usr/oper/bin/

       The operator user may run commands limited to simple maintenance.  Here, those are  commands  related  to
       backups,  killing  processes,  the  printing  system,  shutting  down the system, and any commands in the
       directory /usr/oper/bin/.  Note that one command in  the  DUMPS  Cmnd_Alias  includes  a  sha224  digest,
       /home/operator/bin/start_backups.  This is because the directory containing the script is writable by the
       operator  user.  If the script is modified (resulting in a digest mismatch) it will no longer be possible
       to run it via sudo.

       joe             ALL = /usr/bin/su operator

       The user joe may only su(1) to operator.

       pete            HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-Za-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd *root*

       %opers          ALL = (: ADMINGRP) /usr/sbin/

       Users in the opers group may run commands in /usr/sbin/ as themselves with  any  group  in  the  ADMINGRP
       Runas_Alias (the adm and oper groups).

       The  user  pete  is  allowed  to  change anyone's password except for root on the HPPA machines.  Because
       command line arguments are matched as a single, concatenated string, the ‘*’ wildcard will match multiple
       words.  This example assumes that passwd(1) does not take multiple user names on the command line.   Note
       that  on  GNU  systems, options to passwd(1) may be specified after the user argument.  As a result, this
       rule will also allow:

           passwd username --expire

       which may not be desirable.

       bob             SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL

       The user bob may run anything on the SPARC and SGI machines as any user  listed  in  the  OP  Runas_Alias
       (root and operator.)

       jim             +biglab = ALL

       The  user  jim  may  run  any  command on machines in the biglab netgroup.  sudo knows that “biglab” is a
       netgroup due to the ‘+’ prefix.

       +secretaries    ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser

       Users in the secretaries netgroup need to help manage the printers as well as add and  remove  users,  so
       they are allowed to run those commands on all machines.

       fred            ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL

       The  user  fred  can  run  commands as any user in the DB Runas_Alias (oracle or sybase) without giving a
       password.

       john            ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*

       On the ALPHA machines, user john may su to anyone except root but  he  is  not  allowed  to  specify  any
       options to the su(1) command.

       jen             ALL, !SERVERS = ALL

       The  user  jen  may  run  any command on any machine except for those in the SERVERS Host_Alias (primary,
       mail, www, and ns).

       jill            SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS

       For any machine in the SERVERS Host_Alias, jill may run any commands in the  directory  /usr/bin/  except
       for  those commands belonging to the SU and SHELLS Cmnd_Aliases.  While not specifically mentioned in the
       rule, the commands in the PAGERS Cmnd_Alias all reside in /usr/bin and have the noexec option set.

       steve           CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/

       The user steve may run any command in the directory /usr/local/op_commands/ but only as user operator.

       matt            valkyrie = KILL

       On his personal workstation, valkyrie, matt needs to be able to kill hung processes.

       WEBADMIN        www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www

       On the host www, any user in the WEBADMIN User_Alias (will, wendy, and wim), may run any command as  user
       www (which owns the web pages) or simply su(1) to www.

       ALL             CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\
                       /sbin/mount -o nosuid\,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM

       Any user may mount or unmount a CD-ROM on the machines in the CDROM Host_Alias (orion, perseus, hercules)
       without  entering  a  password.   This is a bit tedious for users to type, so it is a prime candidate for
       encapsulating in a shell script.

SECURITY NOTES

Limitations of the ‘!’ operator
It is generally not effective to “subtract” commands from ALL using the ‘!’ operator. A user can
trivially circumvent this by copying the desired command to a different name and then executing that.
For example:

bill ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS

Doesn't really prevent bill from running the commands listed in SU or SHELLS since he can simply copy
those commands to a different name, or use a shell escape from an editor or other program. Therefore,
these kind of restrictions should be considered advisory at best (and reinforced by policy).

In general, if a user has sudo ALL there is nothing to prevent them from creating their own program that
gives them a root shell (or making their own copy of a shell) regardless of any ‘!’ elements in the user
specification.

Security implications of fast_glob
If the fast_glob option is in use, it is not possible to reliably negate commands where the path name
includes globbing (aka wildcard) characters. This is because the C library's fnmatch(3) function cannot
resolve relative paths. While this is typically only an inconvenience for rules that grant privileges,
it can result in a security issue for rules that subtract or revoke privileges.

For example, given the following sudoers file entry:

john ALL = /usr/bin/passwd [a-zA-Z0-9]*, /usr/bin/chsh [a-zA-Z0-9]*,\
/usr/bin/chfn [a-zA-Z0-9]*, !/usr/bin/* root

User john can still run /usr/bin/passwd root if fast_glob is enabled by changing to /usr/bin and running
./passwd root instead.

Preventing shell escapes
Once sudo executes a program, that program is free to do whatever it pleases, including run other
programs. This can be a security issue since it is not uncommon for a program to allow shell escapes,
which lets a user bypass sudo's access control and logging. Common programs that permit shell escapes
include shells (obviously), editors, paginators, mail, and terminal programs.

There are four basic approaches to this problem:

restrict Avoid giving users access to commands that allow the user to run arbitrary commands. Many
editors have a restricted mode where shell escapes are disabled, though sudoedit is a better
solution to running editors via sudo. Due to the large number of programs that offer shell
escapes, restricting users to the set of programs that do not is often unworkable.

intercept
Many systems that support shared libraries have the ability to override default library
functions by pointing an environment variable (usually LD_PRELOAD) to an alternate shared
library. On such systems, sudo's intercept functionality can be used to transparently
intercept an attempt to run a new command, allow or deny it based on sudoers rules, and log the
result. For example, this can be used to restrict the commands run from within a privileged
shell. Note, however, that this applies only to dynamically-linked executables. Statically-
linked executables and executables running under binary emulation are not affected. Also, most
shells support built-in commands and the ability to read or write sensitive files that cannot
be intercepted by sudo.

Currently, sudo's intercept functionality only works for programs that use the execl(),
execle(), execlp(), execv(), execve(), execvp(), or execvpe() library functions to run the new
command. This may be expanded in a future release of sudo. Because most dynamic loaders
ignore LD_PRELOAD (or the equivalent) when running set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs,
sudoers will not permit such programs to be run in intercept mode.

The intercept feature is known to work on Solaris, *BSD, Linux, macOS, HP-UX 11.x and AIX 5.3
and above. It should be supported on most operating systems that support the LD_PRELOAD
environment variable. Check your operating system's manual pages for the dynamic linker
(usually ld.so, ld.so.1, dyld, dld.sl, rld, or loader) to see if LD_PRELOAD is supported. It
is not supported when sudo's SELinux RBAC support is in use due to a fundamental
incompatibility.

To enable intercept mode on a per-command basis, use the INTERCEPT tag as documented in the
User Specification section above. Here is that example again:

chuck research = INTERCEPT: ALL

This allows user chuck to run any command on the machine “research” in intercept mode. Any
commands run via shell escapes will be validated and logged by sudo. If you are unsure whether
or not your system is capable of supporting intercept, you can always just try it out and check
whether or not external commands run via a shell are logged when intercept is enabled.

log There are two separate but related ways to log additional commands. The first is to enable I/O
logging using the log_output flag. This will log the command's output but will not create an
event log entry when the additional command is run. The second is to enable the log_subcmds
flag in sudoers which will create an event log entry every time a new command is run. If I/O
logging is also enabled, the log entry will include a time offset into the I/O log to indicate
when the command was run. This offset can be passed to the sudoreplay(8) utility to replay the
I/O log at the exact moment when the command was run. The log_subcmds flag uses the same
mechanism as intercept (see above) and has the same limitations.

noexec sudo's noexec functionality can be used to prevent a program run by sudo from executing any
other programs. On most systems, it uses the same mechanism as intercept (see above) and thus
the same caveats apply. The noexec functionality is capable of blocking execution of commands
run via the execl(), execle(), execlp(), exect(), execv(), execve(), execveat(), execvP(),
execvp(), execvpe(), fexecve(), popen(), posix_spawn(), posix_spawnp(), system(), and wordexp()
functions. On Linux, a seccomp() filter is used to implement noexec. On Solaris 10 and
higher, noexec uses Solaris privileges instead of the LD_PRELOAD environment variable.

To enable noexec for a command, use the NOEXEC tag as documented in the User Specification
section above. Here is that example again:

aaron shanty = NOEXEC: /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/vi

This allows user aaron to run /usr/bin/more and /usr/bin/vi with noexec enabled. This will
prevent those two commands from executing other commands (such as a shell). If you are unsure
whether or not your system is capable of supporting noexec you can always just try it out and
check whether shell escapes work when noexec is enabled.

Note that restricting shell escapes is not a panacea. Programs running as root are still capable of many
potentially hazardous operations (such as changing or overwriting files) that could lead to unintended
privilege escalation. In the specific case of an editor, a safer approach is to give the user permission
to run sudoedit (see below).

Secure editing
The sudoers plugin includes sudoedit support which allows users to securely edit files with the editor of
their choice. As sudoedit is a built-in command, it must be specified in the sudoers file without a
leading path. However, it may take command line arguments just as a normal command does. Wildcards used
in sudoedit command line arguments are expected to be path names, so a forward slash (‘/’) will not be
matched by a wildcard.

Unlike other sudo commands, the editor is run with the permissions of the invoking user and with the
environment unmodified. More information may be found in the description of the -e option in sudo(8).

For example, to allow user operator to edit the “message of the day” file:

operator sudoedit /etc/motd

The operator user then runs sudoedit as follows:

$ sudoedit /etc/motd

The editor will run as the operator user, not root, on a temporary copy of /etc/motd. After the file has
been edited, /etc/motd will be updated with the contents of the temporary copy.

Users should never be granted sudoedit permission to edit a file that resides in a directory the user has
write access to, either directly or via a wildcard. If the user has write access to the directory it is
possible to replace the legitimate file with a link to another file, allowing the editing of arbitrary
files. To prevent this, starting with version 1.8.16, symbolic links will not be followed in writable
directories and sudoedit will refuse to edit a file located in a writable directory unless the
sudoedit_checkdir option has been disabled or the invoking user is root. Additionally, in version 1.8.15
and higher, sudoedit will refuse to open a symbolic link unless either the sudoedit_follow option is
enabled or the sudoedit command is prefixed with the FOLLOW tag in the sudoers file.

Time stamp file checks
sudoers will check the ownership of its time stamp directory (/run/sudo/ts by default) and ignore the
directory's contents if it is not owned by root or if it is writable by a user other than root. Older
versions of sudo stored time stamp files in /tmp; this is no longer recommended as it may be possible for
a user to create the time stamp themselves on systems that allow unprivileged users to change the
ownership of files they create.

While the time stamp directory should be cleared at reboot time, not all systems contain a /run or
/var/run directory. To avoid potential problems, sudoers will ignore time stamp files that date from
before the machine booted on systems where the boot time is available.

Some systems with graphical desktop environments allow unprivileged users to change the system clock.
Since sudoers relies on the system clock for time stamp validation, it may be possible on such systems
for a user to run sudo for longer than timestamp_timeout by setting the clock back. To combat this,
sudoers uses a monotonic clock (which never moves backwards) for its time stamps if the system supports
it.

sudoers will not honor time stamps set far in the future. Time stamps with a date greater than
current_time + 2 * TIMEOUT will be ignored and sudoers will log and complain.

If the timestamp_type option is set to “tty”, the time stamp record includes the device number of the
terminal the user authenticated with. This provides per-terminal granularity but time stamp records may
still outlive the user's session.

Unless the timestamp_type option is set to “global”, the time stamp record also includes the session ID
of the process that last authenticated. This prevents processes in different terminal sessions from
using the same time stamp record. On systems where a process's start time can be queried, the start time
of the session leader is recorded in the time stamp record. If no terminal is present or the
timestamp_type option is set to “ppid”, the start time of the parent process is used instead. In most
cases this will prevent a time stamp record from being re-used without the user entering a password when
logging out and back in again.

DEBUGGING

       Versions  1.8.4  and  higher  of  the sudoers plugin support a flexible debugging framework that can help
       track down what the plugin is doing internally if there is a problem.  This  can  be  configured  in  the
       sudo.conf(5) file.

       The sudoers plugin uses the same debug flag format as the sudo front-end: subsystem@priority.

       The  priorities  used  by  sudoers,  in order of decreasing severity, are: crit, err, warn, notice, diag,
       info, trace, and debug.  Each priority, when specified, also includes all priorities higher than it.  For
       example, a priority of notice would include debug messages logged at notice and higher.

       The following subsystems are used by the sudoers plugin:

       alias     User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias and Cmnd_Alias processing

       all       matches every subsystem

       audit     BSM and Linux audit code

       auth      user authentication

       defaults  sudoers file Defaults settings

       env       environment handling

       ldap      LDAP-based sudoers

       logging   logging support

       match     matching of users, groups, hosts, and netgroups in the sudoers file

       netif     network interface handling

       nss       network service switch handling in sudoers

       parser    sudoers file parsing

       perms     permission setting

       plugin    The equivalent of main for the plugin.

       pty       pseudo-terminal related code

       rbtree    redblack tree internals

       sssd      SSSD-based sudoers

       util      utility functions

       For example:

       Debug sudoers.so /var/log/sudoers_debug match@info,nss@info

       For more information, see the sudo.conf(5) manual.

AUTHORS

       Many people have worked on sudo over the years; this version consists of code written primarily by:

             Todd C. Miller

       See  the  CONTRIBUTORS  file  in  the  sudo  distribution  (https://www.sudo.ws/contributors.html) for an
       exhaustive list of people who have contributed to sudo.

CAVEATS

       The sudoers file should always be edited by the visudo utility which locks the file and checks for syntax
       errors.  If sudoers contains syntax errors, sudo may refuse to run, which is a serious problem if sudo is
       your only method of obtaining superuser privileges.  Recent versions of sudoers will attempt  to  recover
       after  a  syntax  error  by ignoring the rest of the line after encountering an error.  Older versions of
       sudo will not run if sudoers contains a syntax error.

       When using netgroups of machines (as opposed to users), if you store fully qualified  host  name  in  the
       netgroup  (as is usually the case), you either need to have the machine's host name be fully qualified as
       returned by the hostname command or use the fqdn option in sudoers.

BUGS

       If you feel you have found a bug in sudo, please submit a bug report at https://bugzilla.sudo.ws/

SUPPORT

       Limited    free    support    is    available    via     the     sudo-users     mailing     list,     see
       https://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search the archives.

DISCLAIMER

       sudo  is  provided  “AS  IS”  and  any  express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the
       implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a  particular  purpose  are  disclaimed.   See  the
       LICENSE file distributed with sudo or https://www.sudo.ws/license.html for complete details.

Sudo 1.9.9                                      January 20, 2022                                      SUDOERS(5)

NAME

DESCRIPTION

SUDOERS FILE FORMAT

SUDOERS OPTIONS

GROUP PROVIDER PLUGINS

LOG FORMAT

I/O LOG FILES

FILES

EXAMPLES

SECURITY NOTES

DEBUGGING

SEE ALSO

AUTHORS

CAVEATS

BUGS

SUPPORT

DISCLAIMER