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NAME
resolv.conf - resolver configuration file
SYNOPSIS
/etc/resolv.conf
DESCRIPTION
The resolver is a set of routines in the C library that provide access to the Internet Domain Name System
(DNS). The resolver configuration file contains information that is read by the resolver routines the
first time they are invoked by a process. The file is designed to be human readable and contains a list
of keywords with values that provide various types of resolver information. The configuration file is
considered a trusted source of DNS information; see the trust-ad option below for details.
If this file does not exist, only the name server on the local machine will be queried, and the search
list contains the local domain name determined from the hostname.
The different configuration options are:
nameserver Name server IP address
Internet address of a name server that the resolver should query, either an IPv4 address (in dot
notation), or an IPv6 address in colon (and possibly dot) notation as per RFC 2373. Up to MAXNS
(currently 3, see <resolv.h>) name servers may be listed, one per keyword. If there are multiple
servers, the resolver library queries them in the order listed. If no nameserver entries are
present, the default is to use the name server on the local machine. (The algorithm used is to
try a name server, and if the query times out, try the next, until out of name servers, then
repeat trying all the name servers until a maximum number of retries are made.)
search Search list for host-name lookup.
By default, the search list contains one entry, the local domain name. It is determined from the
local hostname returned by gethostname(2); the local domain name is taken to be everything after
the first '.'. Finally, if the hostname does not contain a '.', the root domain is assumed as the
local domain name.
This may be changed by listing the desired domain search path following the search keyword with
spaces or tabs separating the names. Resolver queries having fewer than ndots dots (default is 1)
in them will be attempted using each component of the search path in turn until a match is found.
For environments with multiple subdomains please read options ndots:n below to avoid man-in-the-
middle attacks and unnecessary traffic for the root-dns-servers. Note that this process may be
slow and will generate a lot of network traffic if the servers for the listed domains are not
local, and that queries will time out if no server is available for one of the domains.
If there are multiple search directives, only the search list from the last instance is used.
In glibc 2.25 and earlier, the search list is limited to six domains with a total of 256
characters. Since glibc 2.26, the search list is unlimited.
The domain directive is an obsolete name for the search directive that handles one search list
entry only.
sortlist
This option allows addresses returned by gethostbyname(3) to be sorted. A sortlist is specified
by IP-address-netmask pairs. The netmask is optional and defaults to the natural netmask of the
net. The IP address and optional network pairs are separated by slashes. Up to 10 pairs may be
specified. Here is an example:
sortlist 130.155.160.0/255.255.240.0 130.155.0.0
options
Options allows certain internal resolver variables to be modified. The syntax is
options option ...
where option is one of the following:
debug Sets RES_DEBUG in _res.options (effective only if glibc was built with debug support; see
resolver(3)).
ndots:n
Sets a threshold for the number of dots which must appear in a name given to res_query(3)
(see resolver(3)) before an initial absolute query will be made. The default for n is 1,
meaning that if there are any dots in a name, the name will be tried first as an absolute
name before any search list elements are appended to it. The value for this option is
silently capped to 15.
timeout:n
Sets the amount of time the resolver will wait for a response from a remote name server
before retrying the query via a different name server. This may not be the total time
taken by any resolver API call and there is no guarantee that a single resolver API call
maps to a single timeout. Measured in seconds, the default is RES_TIMEOUT (currently 5,
see <resolv.h>). The value for this option is silently capped to 30.
attempts:n
Sets the number of times the resolver will send a query to its name servers before giving
up and returning an error to the calling application. The default is RES_DFLRETRY
(currently 2, see <resolv.h>). The value for this option is silently capped to 5.
rotate Sets RES_ROTATE in _res.options, which causes round-robin selection of name servers from
among those listed. This has the effect of spreading the query load among all listed
servers, rather than having all clients try the first listed server first every time.
no-check-names
Sets RES_NOCHECKNAME in _res.options, which disables the modern BIND checking of incoming
hostnames and mail names for invalid characters such as underscore (_), non-ASCII, or
control characters.
inet6 Sets RES_USE_INET6 in _res.options. This has the effect of trying an AAAA query before an
A query inside the gethostbyname(3) function, and of mapping IPv4 responses in IPv6
"tunneled form" if no AAAA records are found but an A record set exists. Since glibc 2.25,
this option is deprecated; applications should use getaddrinfo(3), rather than
gethostbyname(3).
Some programs behave strangely when this option is turned on.
ip6-bytestring (since glibc 2.3.4 to 2.24)
Sets RES_USEBSTRING in _res.options. This causes reverse IPv6 lookups to be made using the
bit-label format described in RFC 2673; if this option is not set (which is the default),
then nibble format is used. This option was removed in glibc 2.25, since it relied on a
backward-incompatible DNS extension that was never deployed on the Internet.
ip6-dotint/no-ip6-dotint (glibc 2.3.4 to 2.24)
Clear/set RES_NOIP6DOTINT in _res.options. When this option is clear (ip6-dotint), reverse
IPv6 lookups are made in the (deprecated) ip6.int zone; when this option is set
(no-ip6-dotint), reverse IPv6 lookups are made in the ip6.arpa zone by default. These
options are available in glibc versions up to 2.24, where no-ip6-dotint is the default.
Since ip6-dotint support long ago ceased to be available on the Internet, these options
were removed in glibc 2.25.
edns0 (since glibc 2.6)
Sets RES_USE_EDNSO in _res.options. This enables support for the DNS extensions described
in RFC 2671.
single-request (since glibc 2.10)
Sets RES_SNGLKUP in _res.options. By default, glibc performs IPv4 and IPv6 lookups in
parallel since version 2.9. Some appliance DNS servers cannot handle these queries
properly and make the requests time out. This option disables the behavior and makes glibc
perform the IPv6 and IPv4 requests sequentially (at the cost of some slowdown of the
resolving process).
single-request-reopen (since glibc 2.9)
Sets RES_SNGLKUPREOP in _res.options. The resolver uses the same socket for the A and AAAA
requests. Some hardware mistakenly sends back only one reply. When that happens the
client system will sit and wait for the second reply. Turning this option on changes this
behavior so that if two requests from the same port are not handled correctly it will close
the socket and open a new one before sending the second request.
no-tld-query (since glibc 2.14)
Sets RES_NOTLDQUERY in _res.options. This option causes res_nsearch() to not attempt to
resolve an unqualified name as if it were a top level domain (TLD). This option can cause
problems if the site has ``localhost'' as a TLD rather than having localhost on one or more
elements of the search list. This option has no effect if neither RES_DEFNAMES or
RES_DNSRCH is set.
use-vc (since glibc 2.14)
Sets RES_USEVC in _res.options. This option forces the use of TCP for DNS resolutions.
no-reload (since glibc 2.26)
Sets RES_NORELOAD in _res.options. This option disables automatic reloading of a changed
configuration file.
trust-ad (since glibc 2.31)
Sets RES_TRUSTAD in _res.options. This option controls the AD bit behavior of the stub
resolver. If a validating resolver sets the AD bit in a response, it indicates that the
data in the response was verified according to the DNSSEC protocol. In order to rely on
the AD bit, the local system has to trust both the DNSSEC-validating resolver and the
network path to it, which is why an explicit opt-in is required. If the trust-ad option is
active, the stub resolver sets the AD bit in outgoing DNS queries (to enable AD bit
support), and preserves the AD bit in responses. Without this option, the AD bit is not
set in queries, and it is always removed from responses before they are returned to the
application. This means that applications can trust the AD bit in responses if the
trust-ad option has been set correctly.
In glibc version 2.30 and earlier, the AD is not set automatically in queries, and is
passed through unchanged to applications in responses.
The search keyword of a system's resolv.conf file can be overridden on a per-process basis by setting the
environment variable LOCALDOMAIN to a space-separated list of search domains.
The options keyword of a system's resolv.conf file can be amended on a per-process basis by setting the
environment variable RES_OPTIONS to a space-separated list of resolver options as explained above under
options.
The keyword and value must appear on a single line, and the keyword (e.g., nameserver) must start the
line. The value follows the keyword, separated by white space.
Lines that contain a semicolon (;) or hash character (#) in the first column are treated as comments.
FILES
/etc/resolv.conf, <resolv.h>
SEE ALSO
gethostbyname(3), resolver(3), host.conf(5), hosts(5), nsswitch.conf(5), hostname(7), named(8)
Name Server Operations Guide for BIND
COLOPHON
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4th Berkeley Distribution 2020-08-13 RESOLV.CONF(5)