Provided by: wget_1.21.2-2ubuntu1.1_amd64 
NAME
Wget - The non-interactive network downloader.
SYNOPSIS
wget [option]... [URL]...
DESCRIPTION
GNU Wget is a free utility for non-interactive download of files from the Web. It supports HTTP, HTTPS,
and FTP protocols, as well as retrieval through HTTP proxies.
Wget is non-interactive, meaning that it can work in the background, while the user is not logged on.
This allows you to start a retrieval and disconnect from the system, letting Wget finish the work. By
contrast, most of the Web browsers require constant user's presence, which can be a great hindrance when
transferring a lot of data.
Wget can follow links in HTML, XHTML, and CSS pages, to create local versions of remote web sites, fully
recreating the directory structure of the original site. This is sometimes referred to as "recursive
downloading." While doing that, Wget respects the Robot Exclusion Standard (/robots.txt). Wget can be
instructed to convert the links in downloaded files to point at the local files, for offline viewing.
Wget has been designed for robustness over slow or unstable network connections; if a download fails due
to a network problem, it will keep retrying until the whole file has been retrieved. If the server
supports regetting, it will instruct the server to continue the download from where it left off.
OPTIONS
Option Syntax
Since Wget uses GNU getopt to process command-line arguments, every option has a long form along with the
short one. Long options are more convenient to remember, but take time to type. You may freely mix
different option styles, or specify options after the command-line arguments. Thus you may write:
wget -r --tries=10 http://fly.srk.fer.hr/ -o log
The space between the option accepting an argument and the argument may be omitted. Instead of -o log
you can write -olog.
You may put several options that do not require arguments together, like:
wget -drc <URL>
This is completely equivalent to:
wget -d -r -c <URL>
Since the options can be specified after the arguments, you may terminate them with --. So the following
will try to download URL -x, reporting failure to log:
wget -o log -- -x
The options that accept comma-separated lists all respect the convention that specifying an empty list
clears its value. This can be useful to clear the .wgetrc settings. For instance, if your .wgetrc sets
"exclude_directories" to /cgi-bin, the following example will first reset it, and then set it to exclude
/~nobody and /~somebody. You can also clear the lists in .wgetrc.
wget -X "" -X /~nobody,/~somebody
Most options that do not accept arguments are boolean options, so named because their state can be
captured with a yes-or-no ("boolean") variable. For example, --follow-ftp tells Wget to follow FTP links
from HTML files and, on the other hand, --no-glob tells it not to perform file globbing on FTP URLs. A
boolean option is either affirmative or negative (beginning with --no). All such options share several
properties.
Unless stated otherwise, it is assumed that the default behavior is the opposite of what the option
accomplishes. For example, the documented existence of --follow-ftp assumes that the default is to not
follow FTP links from HTML pages.
Affirmative options can be negated by prepending the --no- to the option name; negative options can be
negated by omitting the --no- prefix. This might seem superfluous---if the default for an affirmative
option is to not do something, then why provide a way to explicitly turn it off? But the startup file
may in fact change the default. For instance, using "follow_ftp = on" in .wgetrc makes Wget follow FTP
links by default, and using --no-follow-ftp is the only way to restore the factory default from the
command line.
Basic Startup Options
-V
--version
Display the version of Wget.
-h
--help
Print a help message describing all of Wget's command-line options.
-b
--background
Go to background immediately after startup. If no output file is specified via the -o, output is
redirected to wget-log.
-e command
--execute command
Execute command as if it were a part of .wgetrc. A command thus invoked will be executed after the
commands in .wgetrc, thus taking precedence over them. If you need to specify more than one wgetrc
command, use multiple instances of -e.
Logging and Input File Options
-o logfile
--output-file=logfile
Log all messages to logfile. The messages are normally reported to standard error.
-a logfile
--append-output=logfile
Append to logfile. This is the same as -o, only it appends to logfile instead of overwriting the old
log file. If logfile does not exist, a new file is created.
-d
--debug
Turn on debug output, meaning various information important to the developers of Wget if it does not
work properly. Your system administrator may have chosen to compile Wget without debug support, in
which case -d will not work. Please note that compiling with debug support is always safe---Wget
compiled with the debug support will not print any debug info unless requested with -d.
-q
--quiet
Turn off Wget's output.
-v
--verbose
Turn on verbose output, with all the available data. The default output is verbose.
-nv
--no-verbose
Turn off verbose without being completely quiet (use -q for that), which means that error messages
and basic information still get printed.
--report-speed=type
Output bandwidth as type. The only accepted value is bits.
-i file
--input-file=file
Read URLs from a local or external file. If - is specified as file, URLs are read from the standard
input. (Use ./- to read from a file literally named -.)
If this function is used, no URLs need be present on the command line. If there are URLs both on the
command line and in an input file, those on the command lines will be the first ones to be retrieved.
If --force-html is not specified, then file should consist of a series of URLs, one per line.
However, if you specify --force-html, the document will be regarded as html. In that case you may
have problems with relative links, which you can solve either by adding "<base href="url">" to the
documents or by specifying --base=url on the command line.
If the file is an external one, the document will be automatically treated as html if the Content-
Type matches text/html. Furthermore, the file's location will be implicitly used as base href if
none was specified.
--input-metalink=file
Downloads files covered in local Metalink file. Metalink version 3 and 4 are supported.
--keep-badhash
Keeps downloaded Metalink's files with a bad hash. It appends .badhash to the name of Metalink's
files which have a checksum mismatch, except without overwriting existing files.
--metalink-over-http
Issues HTTP HEAD request instead of GET and extracts Metalink metadata from response headers. Then it
switches to Metalink download. If no valid Metalink metadata is found, it falls back to ordinary
HTTP download. Enables Content-Type: application/metalink4+xml files download/processing.
--metalink-index=number
Set the Metalink application/metalink4+xml metaurl ordinal NUMBER. From 1 to the total number of
"application/metalink4+xml" available. Specify 0 or inf to choose the first good one. Metaurls,
such as those from a --metalink-over-http, may have been sorted by priority key's value; keep this in
mind to choose the right NUMBER.
--preferred-location
Set preferred location for Metalink resources. This has effect if multiple resources with same
priority are available.
--xattr
Enable use of file system's extended attributes to save the original URL and the Referer HTTP header
value if used.
Be aware that the URL might contain private information like access tokens or credentials.
-F
--force-html
When input is read from a file, force it to be treated as an HTML file. This enables you to retrieve
relative links from existing HTML files on your local disk, by adding "<base href="url">" to HTML, or
using the --base command-line option.
-B URL
--base=URL
Resolves relative links using URL as the point of reference, when reading links from an HTML file
specified via the -i/--input-file option (together with --force-html, or when the input file was
fetched remotely from a server describing it as HTML). This is equivalent to the presence of a "BASE"
tag in the HTML input file, with URL as the value for the "href" attribute.
For instance, if you specify http://foo/bar/a.html for URL, and Wget reads ../baz/b.html from the
input file, it would be resolved to http://foo/baz/b.html.
--config=FILE
Specify the location of a startup file you wish to use instead of the default one(s). Use --no-config
to disable reading of config files. If both --config and --no-config are given, --no-config is
ignored.
--rejected-log=logfile
Logs all URL rejections to logfile as comma separated values. The values include the reason of
rejection, the URL and the parent URL it was found in.
Download Options
--bind-address=ADDRESS
When making client TCP/IP connections, bind to ADDRESS on the local machine. ADDRESS may be
specified as a hostname or IP address. This option can be useful if your machine is bound to
multiple IPs.
--bind-dns-address=ADDRESS
[libcares only] This address overrides the route for DNS requests. If you ever need to circumvent the
standard settings from /etc/resolv.conf, this option together with --dns-servers is your friend.
ADDRESS must be specified either as IPv4 or IPv6 address. Wget needs to be built with libcares for
this option to be available.
--dns-servers=ADDRESSES
[libcares only] The given address(es) override the standard nameserver addresses, e.g. as configured
in /etc/resolv.conf. ADDRESSES may be specified either as IPv4 or IPv6 addresses, comma-separated.
Wget needs to be built with libcares for this option to be available.
-t number
--tries=number
Set number of tries to number. Specify 0 or inf for infinite retrying. The default is to retry 20
times, with the exception of fatal errors like "connection refused" or "not found" (404), which are
not retried.
-O file
--output-document=file
The documents will not be written to the appropriate files, but all will be concatenated together and
written to file. If - is used as file, documents will be printed to standard output, disabling link
conversion. (Use ./- to print to a file literally named -.)
Use of -O is not intended to mean simply "use the name file instead of the one in the URL;" rather,
it is analogous to shell redirection: wget -O file http://foo is intended to work like wget -O -
http://foo > file; file will be truncated immediately, and all downloaded content will be written
there.
For this reason, -N (for timestamp-checking) is not supported in combination with -O: since file is
always newly created, it will always have a very new timestamp. A warning will be issued if this
combination is used.
Similarly, using -r or -p with -O may not work as you expect: Wget won't just download the first file
to file and then download the rest to their normal names: all downloaded content will be placed in
file. This was disabled in version 1.11, but has been reinstated (with a warning) in 1.11.2, as there
are some cases where this behavior can actually have some use.
A combination with -nc is only accepted if the given output file does not exist.
Note that a combination with -k is only permitted when downloading a single document, as in that case
it will just convert all relative URIs to external ones; -k makes no sense for multiple URIs when
they're all being downloaded to a single file; -k can be used only when the output is a regular file.
-nc
--no-clobber
If a file is downloaded more than once in the same directory, Wget's behavior depends on a few
options, including -nc. In certain cases, the local file will be clobbered, or overwritten, upon
repeated download. In other cases it will be preserved.
When running Wget without -N, -nc, -r, or -p, downloading the same file in the same directory will
result in the original copy of file being preserved and the second copy being named file.1. If that
file is downloaded yet again, the third copy will be named file.2, and so on. (This is also the
behavior with -nd, even if -r or -p are in effect.) When -nc is specified, this behavior is
suppressed, and Wget will refuse to download newer copies of file. Therefore, ""no-clobber"" is
actually a misnomer in this mode---it's not clobbering that's prevented (as the numeric suffixes were
already preventing clobbering), but rather the multiple version saving that's prevented.
When running Wget with -r or -p, but without -N, -nd, or -nc, re-downloading a file will result in
the new copy simply overwriting the old. Adding -nc will prevent this behavior, instead causing the
original version to be preserved and any newer copies on the server to be ignored.
When running Wget with -N, with or without -r or -p, the decision as to whether or not to download a
newer copy of a file depends on the local and remote timestamp and size of the file. -nc may not be
specified at the same time as -N.
A combination with -O/--output-document is only accepted if the given output file does not exist.
Note that when -nc is specified, files with the suffixes .html or .htm will be loaded from the local
disk and parsed as if they had been retrieved from the Web.
--backups=backups
Before (over)writing a file, back up an existing file by adding a .1 suffix (_1 on VMS) to the file
name. Such backup files are rotated to .2, .3, and so on, up to backups (and lost beyond that).
--no-netrc
Do not try to obtain credentials from .netrc file. By default .netrc file is searched for credentials
in case none have been passed on command line and authentication is required.
-c
--continue
Continue getting a partially-downloaded file. This is useful when you want to finish up a download
started by a previous instance of Wget, or by another program. For instance:
wget -c ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/ls-lR.Z
If there is a file named ls-lR.Z in the current directory, Wget will assume that it is the first
portion of the remote file, and will ask the server to continue the retrieval from an offset equal to
the length of the local file.
Note that you don't need to specify this option if you just want the current invocation of Wget to
retry downloading a file should the connection be lost midway through. This is the default behavior.
-c only affects resumption of downloads started prior to this invocation of Wget, and whose local
files are still sitting around.
Without -c, the previous example would just download the remote file to ls-lR.Z.1, leaving the
truncated ls-lR.Z file alone.
If you use -c on a non-empty file, and the server does not support continued downloading, Wget will
restart the download from scratch and overwrite the existing file entirely.
Beginning with Wget 1.7, if you use -c on a file which is of equal size as the one on the server,
Wget will refuse to download the file and print an explanatory message. The same happens when the
file is smaller on the server than locally (presumably because it was changed on the server since
your last download attempt)---because "continuing" is not meaningful, no download occurs.
On the other side of the coin, while using -c, any file that's bigger on the server than locally will
be considered an incomplete download and only "(length(remote) - length(local))" bytes will be
downloaded and tacked onto the end of the local file. This behavior can be desirable in certain
cases---for instance, you can use wget -c to download just the new portion that's been appended to a
data collection or log file.
However, if the file is bigger on the server because it's been changed, as opposed to just appended
to, you'll end up with a garbled file. Wget has no way of verifying that the local file is really a
valid prefix of the remote file. You need to be especially careful of this when using -c in
conjunction with -r, since every file will be considered as an "incomplete download" candidate.
Another instance where you'll get a garbled file if you try to use -c is if you have a lame HTTP
proxy that inserts a "transfer interrupted" string into the local file. In the future a "rollback"
option may be added to deal with this case.
Note that -c only works with FTP servers and with HTTP servers that support the "Range" header.
--start-pos=OFFSET
Start downloading at zero-based position OFFSET. Offset may be expressed in bytes, kilobytes with
the `k' suffix, or megabytes with the `m' suffix, etc.
--start-pos has higher precedence over --continue. When --start-pos and --continue are both
specified, wget will emit a warning then proceed as if --continue was absent.
Server support for continued download is required, otherwise --start-pos cannot help. See -c for
details.
--progress=type
Select the type of the progress indicator you wish to use. Legal indicators are "dot" and "bar".
The "bar" indicator is used by default. It draws an ASCII progress bar graphics (a.k.a "thermometer"
display) indicating the status of retrieval. If the output is not a TTY, the "dot" bar will be used
by default.
Use --progress=dot to switch to the "dot" display. It traces the retrieval by printing dots on the
screen, each dot representing a fixed amount of downloaded data.
The progress type can also take one or more parameters. The parameters vary based on the type
selected. Parameters to type are passed by appending them to the type sperated by a colon (:) like
this: --progress=type:parameter1:parameter2.
When using the dotted retrieval, you may set the style by specifying the type as dot:style.
Different styles assign different meaning to one dot. With the "default" style each dot represents
1K, there are ten dots in a cluster and 50 dots in a line. The "binary" style has a more
"computer"-like orientation---8K dots, 16-dots clusters and 48 dots per line (which makes for 384K
lines). The "mega" style is suitable for downloading large files---each dot represents 64K
retrieved, there are eight dots in a cluster, and 48 dots on each line (so each line contains 3M).
If "mega" is not enough then you can use the "giga" style---each dot represents 1M retrieved, there
are eight dots in a cluster, and 32 dots on each line (so each line contains 32M).
With --progress=bar, there are currently two possible parameters, force and noscroll.
When the output is not a TTY, the progress bar always falls back to "dot", even if --progress=bar was
passed to Wget during invocation. This behaviour can be overridden and the "bar" output forced by
using the "force" parameter as --progress=bar:force.
By default, the bar style progress bar scroll the name of the file from left to right for the file
being downloaded if the filename exceeds the maximum length allotted for its display. In certain
cases, such as with --progress=bar:force, one may not want the scrolling filename in the progress
bar. By passing the "noscroll" parameter, Wget can be forced to display as much of the filename as
possible without scrolling through it.
Note that you can set the default style using the "progress" command in .wgetrc. That setting may be
overridden from the command line. For example, to force the bar output without scrolling, use
--progress=bar:force:noscroll.
--show-progress
Force wget to display the progress bar in any verbosity.
By default, wget only displays the progress bar in verbose mode. One may however, want wget to
display the progress bar on screen in conjunction with any other verbosity modes like --no-verbose or
--quiet. This is often a desired a property when invoking wget to download several small/large
files. In such a case, wget could simply be invoked with this parameter to get a much cleaner output
on the screen.
This option will also force the progress bar to be printed to stderr when used alongside the
--output-file option.
-N
--timestamping
Turn on time-stamping.
--no-if-modified-since
Do not send If-Modified-Since header in -N mode. Send preliminary HEAD request instead. This has only
effect in -N mode.
--no-use-server-timestamps
Don't set the local file's timestamp by the one on the server.
By default, when a file is downloaded, its timestamps are set to match those from the remote file.
This allows the use of --timestamping on subsequent invocations of wget. However, it is sometimes
useful to base the local file's timestamp on when it was actually downloaded; for that purpose, the
--no-use-server-timestamps option has been provided.
-S
--server-response
Print the headers sent by HTTP servers and responses sent by FTP servers.
--spider
When invoked with this option, Wget will behave as a Web spider, which means that it will not
download the pages, just check that they are there. For example, you can use Wget to check your
bookmarks:
wget --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html
This feature needs much more work for Wget to get close to the functionality of real web spiders.
-T seconds
--timeout=seconds
Set the network timeout to seconds seconds. This is equivalent to specifying --dns-timeout,
--connect-timeout, and --read-timeout, all at the same time.
When interacting with the network, Wget can check for timeout and abort the operation if it takes too
long. This prevents anomalies like hanging reads and infinite connects. The only timeout enabled by
default is a 900-second read timeout. Setting a timeout to 0 disables it altogether. Unless you
know what you are doing, it is best not to change the default timeout settings.
All timeout-related options accept decimal values, as well as subsecond values. For example, 0.1
seconds is a legal (though unwise) choice of timeout. Subsecond timeouts are useful for checking
server response times or for testing network latency.
--dns-timeout=seconds
Set the DNS lookup timeout to seconds seconds. DNS lookups that don't complete within the specified
time will fail. By default, there is no timeout on DNS lookups, other than that implemented by
system libraries.
--connect-timeout=seconds
Set the connect timeout to seconds seconds. TCP connections that take longer to establish will be
aborted. By default, there is no connect timeout, other than that implemented by system libraries.
--read-timeout=seconds
Set the read (and write) timeout to seconds seconds. The "time" of this timeout refers to idle time:
if, at any point in the download, no data is received for more than the specified number of seconds,
reading fails and the download is restarted. This option does not directly affect the duration of
the entire download.
Of course, the remote server may choose to terminate the connection sooner than this option requires.
The default read timeout is 900 seconds.
--limit-rate=amount
Limit the download speed to amount bytes per second. Amount may be expressed in bytes, kilobytes
with the k suffix, or megabytes with the m suffix. For example, --limit-rate=20k will limit the
retrieval rate to 20KB/s. This is useful when, for whatever reason, you don't want Wget to consume
the entire available bandwidth.
This option allows the use of decimal numbers, usually in conjunction with power suffixes; for
example, --limit-rate=2.5k is a legal value.
Note that Wget implements the limiting by sleeping the appropriate amount of time after a network
read that took less time than specified by the rate. Eventually this strategy causes the TCP
transfer to slow down to approximately the specified rate. However, it may take some time for this
balance to be achieved, so don't be surprised if limiting the rate doesn't work well with very small
files.
-w seconds
--wait=seconds
Wait the specified number of seconds between the retrievals. Use of this option is recommended, as
it lightens the server load by making the requests less frequent. Instead of in seconds, the time
can be specified in minutes using the "m" suffix, in hours using "h" suffix, or in days using "d"
suffix.
Specifying a large value for this option is useful if the network or the destination host is down, so
that Wget can wait long enough to reasonably expect the network error to be fixed before the retry.
The waiting interval specified by this function is influenced by "--random-wait", which see.
--waitretry=seconds
If you don't want Wget to wait between every retrieval, but only between retries of failed downloads,
you can use this option. Wget will use linear backoff, waiting 1 second after the first failure on a
given file, then waiting 2 seconds after the second failure on that file, up to the maximum number of
seconds you specify.
By default, Wget will assume a value of 10 seconds.
--random-wait
Some web sites may perform log analysis to identify retrieval programs such as Wget by looking for
statistically significant similarities in the time between requests. This option causes the time
between requests to vary between 0.5 and 1.5 * wait seconds, where wait was specified using the
--wait option, in order to mask Wget's presence from such analysis.
A 2001 article in a publication devoted to development on a popular consumer platform provided code
to perform this analysis on the fly. Its author suggested blocking at the class C address level to
ensure automated retrieval programs were blocked despite changing DHCP-supplied addresses.
The --random-wait option was inspired by this ill-advised recommendation to block many unrelated
users from a web site due to the actions of one.
--no-proxy
Don't use proxies, even if the appropriate *_proxy environment variable is defined.
-Q quota
--quota=quota
Specify download quota for automatic retrievals. The value can be specified in bytes (default),
kilobytes (with k suffix), or megabytes (with m suffix).
Note that quota will never affect downloading a single file. So if you specify wget -Q10k
https://example.com/ls-lR.gz, all of the ls-lR.gz will be downloaded. The same goes even when
several URLs are specified on the command-line. The quota is checked only at the end of each
downloaded file, so it will never result in a partially downloaded file. Thus you may safely type
wget -Q2m -i sites---download will be aborted after the file that exhausts the quota is completely
downloaded.
Setting quota to 0 or to inf unlimits the download quota.
--no-dns-cache
Turn off caching of DNS lookups. Normally, Wget remembers the IP addresses it looked up from DNS so
it doesn't have to repeatedly contact the DNS server for the same (typically small) set of hosts it
retrieves from. This cache exists in memory only; a new Wget run will contact DNS again.
However, it has been reported that in some situations it is not desirable to cache host names, even
for the duration of a short-running application like Wget. With this option Wget issues a new DNS
lookup (more precisely, a new call to "gethostbyname" or "getaddrinfo") each time it makes a new
connection. Please note that this option will not affect caching that might be performed by the
resolving library or by an external caching layer, such as NSCD.
If you don't understand exactly what this option does, you probably won't need it.
--restrict-file-names=modes
Change which characters found in remote URLs must be escaped during generation of local filenames.
Characters that are restricted by this option are escaped, i.e. replaced with %HH, where HH is the
hexadecimal number that corresponds to the restricted character. This option may also be used to
force all alphabetical cases to be either lower- or uppercase.
By default, Wget escapes the characters that are not valid or safe as part of file names on your
operating system, as well as control characters that are typically unprintable. This option is
useful for changing these defaults, perhaps because you are downloading to a non-native partition, or
because you want to disable escaping of the control characters, or you want to further restrict
characters to only those in the ASCII range of values.
The modes are a comma-separated set of text values. The acceptable values are unix, windows,
nocontrol, ascii, lowercase, and uppercase. The values unix and windows are mutually exclusive (one
will override the other), as are lowercase and uppercase. Those last are special cases, as they do
not change the set of characters that would be escaped, but rather force local file paths to be
converted either to lower- or uppercase.
When "unix" is specified, Wget escapes the character / and the control characters in the ranges 0--31
and 128--159. This is the default on Unix-like operating systems.
When "windows" is given, Wget escapes the characters \, |, /, :, ?, ", *, <, >, and the control
characters in the ranges 0--31 and 128--159. In addition to this, Wget in Windows mode uses +
instead of : to separate host and port in local file names, and uses @ instead of ? to separate the
query portion of the file name from the rest. Therefore, a URL that would be saved as
www.xemacs.org:4300/search.pl?input=blah in Unix mode would be saved as
www.xemacs.org+4300/search.pl@input=blah in Windows mode. This mode is the default on Windows.
If you specify nocontrol, then the escaping of the control characters is also switched off. This
option may make sense when you are downloading URLs whose names contain UTF-8 characters, on a system
which can save and display filenames in UTF-8 (some possible byte values used in UTF-8 byte sequences
fall in the range of values designated by Wget as "controls").
The ascii mode is used to specify that any bytes whose values are outside the range of ASCII
characters (that is, greater than 127) shall be escaped. This can be useful when saving filenames
whose encoding does not match the one used locally.
-4
--inet4-only
-6
--inet6-only
Force connecting to IPv4 or IPv6 addresses. With --inet4-only or -4, Wget will only connect to IPv4
hosts, ignoring AAAA records in DNS, and refusing to connect to IPv6 addresses specified in URLs.
Conversely, with --inet6-only or -6, Wget will only connect to IPv6 hosts and ignore A records and
IPv4 addresses.
Neither options should be needed normally. By default, an IPv6-aware Wget will use the address
family specified by the host's DNS record. If the DNS responds with both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses,
Wget will try them in sequence until it finds one it can connect to. (Also see "--prefer-family"
option described below.)
These options can be used to deliberately force the use of IPv4 or IPv6 address families on dual
family systems, usually to aid debugging or to deal with broken network configuration. Only one of
--inet6-only and --inet4-only may be specified at the same time. Neither option is available in Wget
compiled without IPv6 support.
--prefer-family=none/IPv4/IPv6
When given a choice of several addresses, connect to the addresses with specified address family
first. The address order returned by DNS is used without change by default.
This avoids spurious errors and connect attempts when accessing hosts that resolve to both IPv6 and
IPv4 addresses from IPv4 networks. For example, www.kame.net resolves to
2001:200:0:8002:203:47ff:fea5:3085 and to 203.178.141.194. When the preferred family is "IPv4", the
IPv4 address is used first; when the preferred family is "IPv6", the IPv6 address is used first; if
the specified value is "none", the address order returned by DNS is used without change.
Unlike -4 and -6, this option doesn't inhibit access to any address family, it only changes the order
in which the addresses are accessed. Also note that the reordering performed by this option is
stable---it doesn't affect order of addresses of the same family. That is, the relative order of all
IPv4 addresses and of all IPv6 addresses remains intact in all cases.
--retry-connrefused
Consider "connection refused" a transient error and try again. Normally Wget gives up on a URL when
it is unable to connect to the site because failure to connect is taken as a sign that the server is
not running at all and that retries would not help. This option is for mirroring unreliable sites
whose servers tend to disappear for short periods of time.
--user=user
--password=password
Specify the username user and password password for both FTP and HTTP file retrieval. These
parameters can be overridden using the --ftp-user and --ftp-password options for FTP connections and
the --http-user and --http-password options for HTTP connections.
--ask-password
Prompt for a password for each connection established. Cannot be specified when --password is being
used, because they are mutually exclusive.
--use-askpass=command
Prompt for a user and password using the specified command. If no command is specified then the
command in the environment variable WGET_ASKPASS is used. If WGET_ASKPASS is not set then the
command in the environment variable SSH_ASKPASS is used.
You can set the default command for use-askpass in the .wgetrc. That setting may be overridden from
the command line.
--no-iri
Turn off internationalized URI (IRI) support. Use --iri to turn it on. IRI support is activated by
default.
You can set the default state of IRI support using the "iri" command in .wgetrc. That setting may be
overridden from the command line.
--local-encoding=encoding
Force Wget to use encoding as the default system encoding. That affects how Wget converts URLs
specified as arguments from locale to UTF-8 for IRI support.
Wget use the function "nl_langinfo()" and then the "CHARSET" environment variable to get the locale.
If it fails, ASCII is used.
You can set the default local encoding using the "local_encoding" command in .wgetrc. That setting
may be overridden from the command line.
--remote-encoding=encoding
Force Wget to use encoding as the default remote server encoding. That affects how Wget converts
URIs found in files from remote encoding to UTF-8 during a recursive fetch. This options is only
useful for IRI support, for the interpretation of non-ASCII characters.
For HTTP, remote encoding can be found in HTTP "Content-Type" header and in HTML "Content-Type
http-equiv" meta tag.
You can set the default encoding using the "remoteencoding" command in .wgetrc. That setting may be
overridden from the command line.
--unlink
Force Wget to unlink file instead of clobbering existing file. This option is useful for downloading
to the directory with hardlinks.
Directory Options
-nd
--no-directories
Do not create a hierarchy of directories when retrieving recursively. With this option turned on,
all files will get saved to the current directory, without clobbering (if a name shows up more than
once, the filenames will get extensions .n).
-x
--force-directories
The opposite of -nd---create a hierarchy of directories, even if one would not have been created
otherwise. E.g. wget -x http://fly.srk.fer.hr/robots.txt will save the downloaded file to
fly.srk.fer.hr/robots.txt.
-nH
--no-host-directories
Disable generation of host-prefixed directories. By default, invoking Wget with -r
http://fly.srk.fer.hr/ will create a structure of directories beginning with fly.srk.fer.hr/. This
option disables such behavior.
--protocol-directories
Use the protocol name as a directory component of local file names. For example, with this option,
wget -r http://host will save to http/host/... rather than just to host/....
--cut-dirs=number
Ignore number directory components. This is useful for getting a fine-grained control over the
directory where recursive retrieval will be saved.
Take, for example, the directory at ftp://ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/. If you retrieve it with -r, it
will be saved locally under ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/. While the -nH option can remove the
ftp.xemacs.org/ part, you are still stuck with pub/xemacs. This is where --cut-dirs comes in handy;
it makes Wget not "see" number remote directory components. Here are several examples of how
--cut-dirs option works.
No options -> ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/
-nH -> pub/xemacs/
-nH --cut-dirs=1 -> xemacs/
-nH --cut-dirs=2 -> .
--cut-dirs=1 -> ftp.xemacs.org/xemacs/
...
If you just want to get rid of the directory structure, this option is similar to a combination of
-nd and -P. However, unlike -nd, --cut-dirs does not lose with subdirectories---for instance, with
-nH --cut-dirs=1, a beta/ subdirectory will be placed to xemacs/beta, as one would expect.
-P prefix
--directory-prefix=prefix
Set directory prefix to prefix. The directory prefix is the directory where all other files and
subdirectories will be saved to, i.e. the top of the retrieval tree. The default is . (the current
directory).
HTTP Options
--default-page=name
Use name as the default file name when it isn't known (i.e., for URLs that end in a slash), instead
of index.html.
-E
--adjust-extension
If a file of type application/xhtml+xml or text/html is downloaded and the URL does not end with the
regexp \.[Hh][Tt][Mm][Ll]?, this option will cause the suffix .html to be appended to the local
filename. This is useful, for instance, when you're mirroring a remote site that uses .asp pages,
but you want the mirrored pages to be viewable on your stock Apache server. Another good use for
this is when you're downloading CGI-generated materials. A URL like http://site.com/article.cgi?25
will be saved as article.cgi?25.html.
Note that filenames changed in this way will be re-downloaded every time you re-mirror a site,
because Wget can't tell that the local X.html file corresponds to remote URL X (since it doesn't yet
know that the URL produces output of type text/html or application/xhtml+xml.
As of version 1.12, Wget will also ensure that any downloaded files of type text/css end in the
suffix .css, and the option was renamed from --html-extension, to better reflect its new behavior.
The old option name is still acceptable, but should now be considered deprecated.
As of version 1.19.2, Wget will also ensure that any downloaded files with a "Content-Encoding" of
br, compress, deflate or gzip end in the suffix .br, .Z, .zlib and .gz respectively.
At some point in the future, this option may well be expanded to include suffixes for other types of
content, including content types that are not parsed by Wget.
--http-user=user
--http-password=password
Specify the username user and password password on an HTTP server. According to the type of the
challenge, Wget will encode them using either the "basic" (insecure), the "digest", or the Windows
"NTLM" authentication scheme.
Another way to specify username and password is in the URL itself. Either method reveals your
password to anyone who bothers to run "ps". To prevent the passwords from being seen, use the
--use-askpass or store them in .wgetrc or .netrc, and make sure to protect those files from other
users with "chmod". If the passwords are really important, do not leave them lying in those files
either---edit the files and delete them after Wget has started the download.
--no-http-keep-alive
Turn off the "keep-alive" feature for HTTP downloads. Normally, Wget asks the server to keep the
connection open so that, when you download more than one document from the same server, they get
transferred over the same TCP connection. This saves time and at the same time reduces the load on
the server.
This option is useful when, for some reason, persistent (keep-alive) connections don't work for you,
for example due to a server bug or due to the inability of server-side scripts to cope with the
connections.
--no-cache
Disable server-side cache. In this case, Wget will send the remote server appropriate directives
(Cache-Control: no-cache and Pragma: no-cache) to get the file from the remote service, rather than
returning the cached version. This is especially useful for retrieving and flushing out-of-date
documents on proxy servers.
Caching is allowed by default.
--no-cookies
Disable the use of cookies. Cookies are a mechanism for maintaining server-side state. The server
sends the client a cookie using the "Set-Cookie" header, and the client responds with the same cookie
upon further requests. Since cookies allow the server owners to keep track of visitors and for sites
to exchange this information, some consider them a breach of privacy. The default is to use cookies;
however, storing cookies is not on by default.
--load-cookies file
Load cookies from file before the first HTTP retrieval. file is a textual file in the format
originally used by Netscape's cookies.txt file.
You will typically use this option when mirroring sites that require that you be logged in to access
some or all of their content. The login process typically works by the web server issuing an HTTP
cookie upon receiving and verifying your credentials. The cookie is then resent by the browser when
accessing that part of the site, and so proves your identity.
Mirroring such a site requires Wget to send the same cookies your browser sends when communicating
with the site. This is achieved by --load-cookies---simply point Wget to the location of the
cookies.txt file, and it will send the same cookies your browser would send in the same situation.
Different browsers keep textual cookie files in different locations:
"Netscape 4.x."
The cookies are in ~/.netscape/cookies.txt.
"Mozilla and Netscape 6.x."
Mozilla's cookie file is also named cookies.txt, located somewhere under ~/.mozilla, in the
directory of your profile. The full path usually ends up looking somewhat like
~/.mozilla/default/some-weird-string/cookies.txt.
"Internet Explorer."
You can produce a cookie file Wget can use by using the File menu, Import and Export, Export
Cookies. This has been tested with Internet Explorer 5; it is not guaranteed to work with
earlier versions.
"Other browsers."
If you are using a different browser to create your cookies, --load-cookies will only work if you
can locate or produce a cookie file in the Netscape format that Wget expects.
If you cannot use --load-cookies, there might still be an alternative. If your browser supports a
"cookie manager", you can use it to view the cookies used when accessing the site you're mirroring.
Write down the name and value of the cookie, and manually instruct Wget to send those cookies,
bypassing the "official" cookie support:
wget --no-cookies --header "Cookie: <name>=<value>"
--save-cookies file
Save cookies to file before exiting. This will not save cookies that have expired or that have no
expiry time (so-called "session cookies"), but also see --keep-session-cookies.
--keep-session-cookies
When specified, causes --save-cookies to also save session cookies. Session cookies are normally not
saved because they are meant to be kept in memory and forgotten when you exit the browser. Saving
them is useful on sites that require you to log in or to visit the home page before you can access
some pages. With this option, multiple Wget runs are considered a single browser session as far as
the site is concerned.
Since the cookie file format does not normally carry session cookies, Wget marks them with an expiry
timestamp of 0. Wget's --load-cookies recognizes those as session cookies, but it might confuse
other browsers. Also note that cookies so loaded will be treated as other session cookies, which
means that if you want --save-cookies to preserve them again, you must use --keep-session-cookies
again.
--ignore-length
Unfortunately, some HTTP servers (CGI programs, to be more precise) send out bogus "Content-Length"
headers, which makes Wget go wild, as it thinks not all the document was retrieved. You can spot
this syndrome if Wget retries getting the same document again and again, each time claiming that the
(otherwise normal) connection has closed on the very same byte.
With this option, Wget will ignore the "Content-Length" header---as if it never existed.
--header=header-line
Send header-line along with the rest of the headers in each HTTP request. The supplied header is
sent as-is, which means it must contain name and value separated by colon, and must not contain
newlines.
You may define more than one additional header by specifying --header more than once.
wget --header='Accept-Charset: iso-8859-2' \
--header='Accept-Language: hr' \
http://fly.srk.fer.hr/
Specification of an empty string as the header value will clear all previous user-defined headers.
As of Wget 1.10, this option can be used to override headers otherwise generated automatically. This
example instructs Wget to connect to localhost, but to specify foo.bar in the "Host" header:
wget --header="Host: foo.bar" http://localhost/
In versions of Wget prior to 1.10 such use of --header caused sending of duplicate headers.
--compression=type
Choose the type of compression to be used. Legal values are auto, gzip and none.
If auto or gzip are specified, Wget asks the server to compress the file using the gzip compression
format. If the server compresses the file and responds with the "Content-Encoding" header field set
appropriately, the file will be decompressed automatically.
If none is specified, wget will not ask the server to compress the file and will not decompress any
server responses. This is the default.
Compression support is currently experimental. In case it is turned on, please report any bugs to
"bug-wget@gnu.org".
--max-redirect=number
Specifies the maximum number of redirections to follow for a resource. The default is 20, which is
usually far more than necessary. However, on those occasions where you want to allow more (or fewer),
this is the option to use.
--proxy-user=user
--proxy-password=password
Specify the username user and password password for authentication on a proxy server. Wget will
encode them using the "basic" authentication scheme.
Security considerations similar to those with --http-password pertain here as well.
--referer=url
Include `Referer: url' header in HTTP request. Useful for retrieving documents with server-side
processing that assume they are always being retrieved by interactive web browsers and only come out
properly when Referer is set to one of the pages that point to them.
--save-headers
Save the headers sent by the HTTP server to the file, preceding the actual contents, with an empty
line as the separator.
-U agent-string
--user-agent=agent-string
Identify as agent-string to the HTTP server.
The HTTP protocol allows the clients to identify themselves using a "User-Agent" header field. This
enables distinguishing the WWW software, usually for statistical purposes or for tracing of protocol
violations. Wget normally identifies as Wget/version, version being the current version number of
Wget.
However, some sites have been known to impose the policy of tailoring the output according to the
"User-Agent"-supplied information. While this is not such a bad idea in theory, it has been abused
by servers denying information to clients other than (historically) Netscape or, more frequently,
Microsoft Internet Explorer. This option allows you to change the "User-Agent" line issued by Wget.
Use of this option is discouraged, unless you really know what you are doing.
Specifying empty user agent with --user-agent="" instructs Wget not to send the "User-Agent" header
in HTTP requests.
--post-data=string
--post-file=file
Use POST as the method for all HTTP requests and send the specified data in the request body.
--post-data sends string as data, whereas --post-file sends the contents of file. Other than that,
they work in exactly the same way. In particular, they both expect content of the form
"key1=value1&key2=value2", with percent-encoding for special characters; the only difference is that
one expects its content as a command-line parameter and the other accepts its content from a file. In
particular, --post-file is not for transmitting files as form attachments: those must appear as
"key=value" data (with appropriate percent-coding) just like everything else. Wget does not currently
support "multipart/form-data" for transmitting POST data; only "application/x-www-form-urlencoded".
Only one of --post-data and --post-file should be specified.
Please note that wget does not require the content to be of the form "key1=value1&key2=value2", and
neither does it test for it. Wget will simply transmit whatever data is provided to it. Most servers
however expect the POST data to be in the above format when processing HTML Forms.
When sending a POST request using the --post-file option, Wget treats the file as a binary file and
will send every character in the POST request without stripping trailing newline or formfeed
characters. Any other control characters in the text will also be sent as-is in the POST request.
Please be aware that Wget needs to know the size of the POST data in advance. Therefore the argument
to "--post-file" must be a regular file; specifying a FIFO or something like /dev/stdin won't work.
It's not quite clear how to work around this limitation inherent in HTTP/1.0. Although HTTP/1.1
introduces chunked transfer that doesn't require knowing the request length in advance, a client
can't use chunked unless it knows it's talking to an HTTP/1.1 server. And it can't know that until
it receives a response, which in turn requires the request to have been completed -- a chicken-and-
egg problem.
Note: As of version 1.15 if Wget is redirected after the POST request is completed, its behaviour
will depend on the response code returned by the server. In case of a 301 Moved Permanently, 302
Moved Temporarily or 307 Temporary Redirect, Wget will, in accordance with RFC2616, continue to send
a POST request. In case a server wants the client to change the Request method upon redirection, it
should send a 303 See Other response code.
This example shows how to log in to a server using POST and then proceed to download the desired
pages, presumably only accessible to authorized users:
# Log in to the server. This can be done only once.
wget --save-cookies cookies.txt \
--post-data 'user=foo&password=bar' \
http://example.com/auth.php
# Now grab the page or pages we care about.
wget --load-cookies cookies.txt \
-p http://example.com/interesting/article.php
If the server is using session cookies to track user authentication, the above will not work because
--save-cookies will not save them (and neither will browsers) and the cookies.txt file will be empty.
In that case use --keep-session-cookies along with --save-cookies to force saving of session cookies.
--method=HTTP-Method
For the purpose of RESTful scripting, Wget allows sending of other HTTP Methods without the need to
explicitly set them using --header=Header-Line. Wget will use whatever string is passed to it after
--method as the HTTP Method to the server.
--body-data=Data-String
--body-file=Data-File
Must be set when additional data needs to be sent to the server along with the Method specified using
--method. --body-data sends string as data, whereas --body-file sends the contents of file. Other
than that, they work in exactly the same way.
Currently, --body-file is not for transmitting files as a whole. Wget does not currently support
"multipart/form-data" for transmitting data; only "application/x-www-form-urlencoded". In the future,
this may be changed so that wget sends the --body-file as a complete file instead of sending its
contents to the server. Please be aware that Wget needs to know the contents of BODY Data in advance,
and hence the argument to --body-file should be a regular file. See --post-file for a more detailed
explanation. Only one of --body-data and --body-file should be specified.
If Wget is redirected after the request is completed, Wget will suspend the current method and send a
GET request till the redirection is completed. This is true for all redirection response codes
except 307 Temporary Redirect which is used to explicitly specify that the request method should not
change. Another exception is when the method is set to "POST", in which case the redirection rules
specified under --post-data are followed.
--content-disposition
If this is set to on, experimental (not fully-functional) support for "Content-Disposition" headers
is enabled. This can currently result in extra round-trips to the server for a "HEAD" request, and is
known to suffer from a few bugs, which is why it is not currently enabled by default.
This option is useful for some file-downloading CGI programs that use "Content-Disposition" headers
to describe what the name of a downloaded file should be.
When combined with --metalink-over-http and --trust-server-names, a Content-Type:
application/metalink4+xml file is named using the "Content-Disposition" filename field, if available.
--content-on-error
If this is set to on, wget will not skip the content when the server responds with a http status code
that indicates error.
--trust-server-names
If this is set, on a redirect, the local file name will be based on the redirection URL. By default
the local file name is based on the original URL. When doing recursive retrieving this can be
helpful because in many web sites redirected URLs correspond to an underlying file structure, while
link URLs do not.
--auth-no-challenge
If this option is given, Wget will send Basic HTTP authentication information (plaintext username and
password) for all requests, just like Wget 1.10.2 and prior did by default.
Use of this option is not recommended, and is intended only to support some few obscure servers,
which never send HTTP authentication challenges, but accept unsolicited auth info, say, in addition
to form-based authentication.
--retry-on-host-error
Consider host errors, such as "Temporary failure in name resolution", as non-fatal, transient errors.
--retry-on-http-error=code[,code,...]
Consider given HTTP response codes as non-fatal, transient errors. Supply a comma-separated list of
3-digit HTTP response codes as argument. Useful to work around special circumstances where retries
are required, but the server responds with an error code normally not retried by Wget. Such errors
might be 503 (Service Unavailable) and 429 (Too Many Requests). Retries enabled by this option are
performed subject to the normal retry timing and retry count limitations of Wget.
Using this option is intended to support special use cases only and is generally not recommended, as
it can force retries even in cases where the server is actually trying to decrease its load. Please
use wisely and only if you know what you are doing.
HTTPS (SSL/TLS) Options
To support encrypted HTTP (HTTPS) downloads, Wget must be compiled with an external SSL library. The
current default is GnuTLS. In addition, Wget also supports HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security). If
Wget is compiled without SSL support, none of these options are available.
--secure-protocol=protocol
Choose the secure protocol to be used. Legal values are auto, SSLv2, SSLv3, TLSv1, TLSv1_1, TLSv1_2,
TLSv1_3 and PFS. If auto is used, the SSL library is given the liberty of choosing the appropriate
protocol automatically, which is achieved by sending a TLSv1 greeting. This is the default.
Specifying SSLv2, SSLv3, TLSv1, TLSv1_1, TLSv1_2 or TLSv1_3 forces the use of the corresponding
protocol. This is useful when talking to old and buggy SSL server implementations that make it hard
for the underlying SSL library to choose the correct protocol version. Fortunately, such servers are
quite rare.
Specifying PFS enforces the use of the so-called Perfect Forward Security cipher suites. In short,
PFS adds security by creating a one-time key for each SSL connection. It has a bit more CPU impact on
client and server. We use known to be secure ciphers (e.g. no MD4) and the TLS protocol. This mode
also explicitly excludes non-PFS key exchange methods, such as RSA.
--https-only
When in recursive mode, only HTTPS links are followed.
--ciphers
Set the cipher list string. Typically this string sets the cipher suites and other SSL/TLS options
that the user wish should be used, in a set order of preference (GnuTLS calls it 'priority string').
This string will be fed verbatim to the SSL/TLS engine (OpenSSL or GnuTLS) and hence its format and
syntax is dependent on that. Wget will not process or manipulate it in any way. Refer to the OpenSSL
or GnuTLS documentation for more information.
--no-check-certificate
Don't check the server certificate against the available certificate authorities. Also don't require
the URL host name to match the common name presented by the certificate.
As of Wget 1.10, the default is to verify the server's certificate against the recognized certificate
authorities, breaking the SSL handshake and aborting the download if the verification fails.
Although this provides more secure downloads, it does break interoperability with some sites that
worked with previous Wget versions, particularly those using self-signed, expired, or otherwise
invalid certificates. This option forces an "insecure" mode of operation that turns the certificate
verification errors into warnings and allows you to proceed.
If you encounter "certificate verification" errors or ones saying that "common name doesn't match
requested host name", you can use this option to bypass the verification and proceed with the
download. Only use this option if you are otherwise convinced of the site's authenticity, or if you
really don't care about the validity of its certificate. It is almost always a bad idea not to check
the certificates when transmitting confidential or important data. For self-signed/internal
certificates, you should download the certificate and verify against that instead of forcing this
insecure mode. If you are really sure of not desiring any certificate verification, you can specify
--check-certificate=quiet to tell wget to not print any warning about invalid certificates, albeit in
most cases this is the wrong thing to do.
--certificate=file
Use the client certificate stored in file. This is needed for servers that are configured to require
certificates from the clients that connect to them. Normally a certificate is not required and this
switch is optional.
--certificate-type=type
Specify the type of the client certificate. Legal values are PEM (assumed by default) and DER, also
known as ASN1.
--private-key=file
Read the private key from file. This allows you to provide the private key in a file separate from
the certificate.
--private-key-type=type
Specify the type of the private key. Accepted values are PEM (the default) and DER.
--ca-certificate=file
Use file as the file with the bundle of certificate authorities ("CA") to verify the peers. The
certificates must be in PEM format.
Without this option Wget looks for CA certificates at the system-specified locations, chosen at
OpenSSL installation time.
--ca-directory=directory
Specifies directory containing CA certificates in PEM format. Each file contains one CA certificate,
and the file name is based on a hash value derived from the certificate. This is achieved by
processing a certificate directory with the "c_rehash" utility supplied with OpenSSL. Using
--ca-directory is more efficient than --ca-certificate when many certificates are installed because
it allows Wget to fetch certificates on demand.
Without this option Wget looks for CA certificates at the system-specified locations, chosen at
OpenSSL installation time.
--crl-file=file
Specifies a CRL file in file. This is needed for certificates that have been revocated by the CAs.
--pinnedpubkey=file/hashes
Tells wget to use the specified public key file (or hashes) to verify the peer. This can be a path
to a file which contains a single public key in PEM or DER format, or any number of base64 encoded
sha256 hashes preceded by "sha256//" and separated by ";"
When negotiating a TLS or SSL connection, the server sends a certificate indicating its identity. A
public key is extracted from this certificate and if it does not exactly match the public key(s)
provided to this option, wget will abort the connection before sending or receiving any data.
--random-file=file
[OpenSSL and LibreSSL only] Use file as the source of random data for seeding the pseudo-random
number generator on systems without /dev/urandom.
On such systems the SSL library needs an external source of randomness to initialize. Randomness may
be provided by EGD (see --egd-file below) or read from an external source specified by the user. If
this option is not specified, Wget looks for random data in $RANDFILE or, if that is unset, in
$HOME/.rnd.
If you're getting the "Could not seed OpenSSL PRNG; disabling SSL." error, you should provide random
data using some of the methods described above.
--egd-file=file
[OpenSSL only] Use file as the EGD socket. EGD stands for Entropy Gathering Daemon, a user-space
program that collects data from various unpredictable system sources and makes it available to other
programs that might need it. Encryption software, such as the SSL library, needs sources of non-
repeating randomness to seed the random number generator used to produce cryptographically strong
keys.
OpenSSL allows the user to specify his own source of entropy using the "RAND_FILE" environment
variable. If this variable is unset, or if the specified file does not produce enough randomness,
OpenSSL will read random data from EGD socket specified using this option.
If this option is not specified (and the equivalent startup command is not used), EGD is never
contacted. EGD is not needed on modern Unix systems that support /dev/urandom.
--no-hsts
Wget supports HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security, RFC 6797) by default. Use --no-hsts to make Wget
act as a non-HSTS-compliant UA. As a consequence, Wget would ignore all the
"Strict-Transport-Security" headers, and would not enforce any existing HSTS policy.
--hsts-file=file
By default, Wget stores its HSTS database in ~/.wget-hsts. You can use --hsts-file to override this.
Wget will use the supplied file as the HSTS database. Such file must conform to the correct HSTS
database format used by Wget. If Wget cannot parse the provided file, the behaviour is unspecified.
The Wget's HSTS database is a plain text file. Each line contains an HSTS entry (ie. a site that has
issued a "Strict-Transport-Security" header and that therefore has specified a concrete HSTS policy
to be applied). Lines starting with a dash ("#") are ignored by Wget. Please note that in spite of
this convenient human-readability hand-hacking the HSTS database is generally not a good idea.
An HSTS entry line consists of several fields separated by one or more whitespace:
"<hostname> SP [<port>] SP <include subdomains> SP <created> SP <max-age>"
The hostname and port fields indicate the hostname and port to which the given HSTS policy applies.
The port field may be zero, and it will, in most of the cases. That means that the port number will
not be taken into account when deciding whether such HSTS policy should be applied on a given request
(only the hostname will be evaluated). When port is different to zero, both the target hostname and
the port will be evaluated and the HSTS policy will only be applied if both of them match. This
feature has been included for testing/development purposes only. The Wget testsuite (in testenv/)
creates HSTS databases with explicit ports with the purpose of ensuring Wget's correct behaviour.
Applying HSTS policies to ports other than the default ones is discouraged by RFC 6797 (see Appendix
B "Differences between HSTS Policy and Same-Origin Policy"). Thus, this functionality should not be
used in production environments and port will typically be zero. The last three fields do what they
are expected to. The field include_subdomains can either be 1 or 0 and it signals whether the
subdomains of the target domain should be part of the given HSTS policy as well. The created and max-
age fields hold the timestamp values of when such entry was created (first seen by Wget) and the
HSTS-defined value 'max-age', which states how long should that HSTS policy remain active, measured
in seconds elapsed since the timestamp stored in created. Once that time has passed, that HSTS policy
will no longer be valid and will eventually be removed from the database.
If you supply your own HSTS database via --hsts-file, be aware that Wget may modify the provided file
if any change occurs between the HSTS policies requested by the remote servers and those in the file.
When Wget exits, it effectively updates the HSTS database by rewriting the database file with the new
entries.
If the supplied file does not exist, Wget will create one. This file will contain the new HSTS
entries. If no HSTS entries were generated (no "Strict-Transport-Security" headers were sent by any
of the servers) then no file will be created, not even an empty one. This behaviour applies to the
default database file (~/.wget-hsts) as well: it will not be created until some server enforces an
HSTS policy.
Care is taken not to override possible changes made by other Wget processes at the same time over the
HSTS database. Before dumping the updated HSTS entries on the file, Wget will re-read it and merge
the changes.
Using a custom HSTS database and/or modifying an existing one is discouraged. For more information
about the potential security threats arose from such practice, see section 14 "Security
Considerations" of RFC 6797, specially section 14.9 "Creative Manipulation of HSTS Policy Store".
--warc-file=file
Use file as the destination WARC file.
--warc-header=string
Use string into as the warcinfo record.
--warc-max-size=size
Set the maximum size of the WARC files to size.
--warc-cdx
Write CDX index files.
--warc-dedup=file
Do not store records listed in this CDX file.
--no-warc-compression
Do not compress WARC files with GZIP.
--no-warc-digests
Do not calculate SHA1 digests.
--no-warc-keep-log
Do not store the log file in a WARC record.
--warc-tempdir=dir
Specify the location for temporary files created by the WARC writer.
FTP Options
--ftp-user=user
--ftp-password=password
Specify the username user and password password on an FTP server. Without this, or the corresponding
startup option, the password defaults to -wget@, normally used for anonymous FTP.
Another way to specify username and password is in the URL itself. Either method reveals your
password to anyone who bothers to run "ps". To prevent the passwords from being seen, store them in
.wgetrc or .netrc, and make sure to protect those files from other users with "chmod". If the
passwords are really important, do not leave them lying in those files either---edit the files and
delete them after Wget has started the download.
--no-remove-listing
Don't remove the temporary .listing files generated by FTP retrievals. Normally, these files contain
the raw directory listings received from FTP servers. Not removing them can be useful for debugging
purposes, or when you want to be able to easily check on the contents of remote server directories
(e.g. to verify that a mirror you're running is complete).
Note that even though Wget writes to a known filename for this file, this is not a security hole in
the scenario of a user making .listing a symbolic link to /etc/passwd or something and asking "root"
to run Wget in his or her directory. Depending on the options used, either Wget will refuse to write
to .listing, making the globbing/recursion/time-stamping operation fail, or the symbolic link will be
deleted and replaced with the actual .listing file, or the listing will be written to a
.listing.number file.
Even though this situation isn't a problem, though, "root" should never run Wget in a non-trusted
user's directory. A user could do something as simple as linking index.html to /etc/passwd and
asking "root" to run Wget with -N or -r so the file will be overwritten.
--no-glob
Turn off FTP globbing. Globbing refers to the use of shell-like special characters (wildcards), like
*, ?, [ and ] to retrieve more than one file from the same directory at once, like:
wget ftp://gnjilux.srk.fer.hr/*.msg
By default, globbing will be turned on if the URL contains a globbing character. This option may be
used to turn globbing on or off permanently.
You may have to quote the URL to protect it from being expanded by your shell. Globbing makes Wget
look for a directory listing, which is system-specific. This is why it currently works only with
Unix FTP servers (and the ones emulating Unix "ls" output).
--no-passive-ftp
Disable the use of the passive FTP transfer mode. Passive FTP mandates that the client connect to
the server to establish the data connection rather than the other way around.
If the machine is connected to the Internet directly, both passive and active FTP should work equally
well. Behind most firewall and NAT configurations passive FTP has a better chance of working.
However, in some rare firewall configurations, active FTP actually works when passive FTP doesn't.
If you suspect this to be the case, use this option, or set "passive_ftp=off" in your init file.
--preserve-permissions
Preserve remote file permissions instead of permissions set by umask.
--retr-symlinks
By default, when retrieving FTP directories recursively and a symbolic link is encountered, the
symbolic link is traversed and the pointed-to files are retrieved. Currently, Wget does not traverse
symbolic links to directories to download them recursively, though this feature may be added in the
future.
When --retr-symlinks=no is specified, the linked-to file is not downloaded. Instead, a matching
symbolic link is created on the local filesystem. The pointed-to file will not be retrieved unless
this recursive retrieval would have encountered it separately and downloaded it anyway. This option
poses a security risk where a malicious FTP Server may cause Wget to write to files outside of the
intended directories through a specially crafted .LISTING file.
Note that when retrieving a file (not a directory) because it was specified on the command-line,
rather than because it was recursed to, this option has no effect. Symbolic links are always
traversed in this case.
FTPS Options
--ftps-implicit
This option tells Wget to use FTPS implicitly. Implicit FTPS consists of initializing SSL/TLS from
the very beginning of the control connection. This option does not send an "AUTH TLS" command: it
assumes the server speaks FTPS and directly starts an SSL/TLS connection. If the attempt is
successful, the session continues just like regular FTPS ("PBSZ" and "PROT" are sent, etc.).
Implicit FTPS is no longer a requirement for FTPS implementations, and thus many servers may not
support it. If --ftps-implicit is passed and no explicit port number specified, the default port for
implicit FTPS, 990, will be used, instead of the default port for the "normal" (explicit) FTPS which
is the same as that of FTP, 21.
--no-ftps-resume-ssl
Do not resume the SSL/TLS session in the data channel. When starting a data connection, Wget tries to
resume the SSL/TLS session previously started in the control connection. SSL/TLS session resumption
avoids performing an entirely new handshake by reusing the SSL/TLS parameters of a previous session.
Typically, the FTPS servers want it that way, so Wget does this by default. Under rare circumstances
however, one might want to start an entirely new SSL/TLS session in every data connection. This is
what --no-ftps-resume-ssl is for.
--ftps-clear-data-connection
All the data connections will be in plain text. Only the control connection will be under SSL/TLS.
Wget will send a "PROT C" command to achieve this, which must be approved by the server.
--ftps-fallback-to-ftp
Fall back to FTP if FTPS is not supported by the target server. For security reasons, this option is
not asserted by default. The default behaviour is to exit with an error. If a server does not
successfully reply to the initial "AUTH TLS" command, or in the case of implicit FTPS, if the initial
SSL/TLS connection attempt is rejected, it is considered that such server does not support FTPS.
Recursive Retrieval Options
-r
--recursive
Turn on recursive retrieving. The default maximum depth is 5.
-l depth
--level=depth
Set the maximum number of subdirectories that Wget will recurse into to depth. In order to prevent
one from accidentally downloading very large websites when using recursion this is limited to a depth
of 5 by default, i.e., it will traverse at most 5 directories deep starting from the provided URL.
Set -l 0 or -l inf for infinite recursion depth.
wget -r -l 0 http://<site>/1.html
Ideally, one would expect this to download just 1.html. but unfortunately this is not the case,
because -l 0 is equivalent to -l inf---that is, infinite recursion. To download a single HTML page
(or a handful of them), specify them all on the command line and leave away -r and -l. To download
the essential items to view a single HTML page, see page requisites.
--delete-after
This option tells Wget to delete every single file it downloads, after having done so. It is useful
for pre-fetching popular pages through a proxy, e.g.:
wget -r -nd --delete-after http://whatever.com/~popular/page/
The -r option is to retrieve recursively, and -nd to not create directories.
Note that --delete-after deletes files on the local machine. It does not issue the DELE command to
remote FTP sites, for instance. Also note that when --delete-after is specified, --convert-links is
ignored, so .orig files are simply not created in the first place.
-k
--convert-links
After the download is complete, convert the links in the document to make them suitable for local
viewing. This affects not only the visible hyperlinks, but any part of the document that links to
external content, such as embedded images, links to style sheets, hyperlinks to non-HTML content,
etc.
Each link will be changed in one of the two ways:
• The links to files that have been downloaded by Wget will be changed to refer to the file they
point to as a relative link.
Example: if the downloaded file /foo/doc.html links to /bar/img.gif, also downloaded, then the
link in doc.html will be modified to point to ../bar/img.gif. This kind of transformation works
reliably for arbitrary combinations of directories.
• The links to files that have not been downloaded by Wget will be changed to include host name and
absolute path of the location they point to.
Example: if the downloaded file /foo/doc.html links to /bar/img.gif (or to ../bar/img.gif), then
the link in doc.html will be modified to point to http://hostname/bar/img.gif.
Because of this, local browsing works reliably: if a linked file was downloaded, the link will refer
to its local name; if it was not downloaded, the link will refer to its full Internet address rather
than presenting a broken link. The fact that the former links are converted to relative links
ensures that you can move the downloaded hierarchy to another directory.
Note that only at the end of the download can Wget know which links have been downloaded. Because of
that, the work done by -k will be performed at the end of all the downloads.
--convert-file-only
This option converts only the filename part of the URLs, leaving the rest of the URLs untouched. This
filename part is sometimes referred to as the "basename", although we avoid that term here in order
not to cause confusion.
It works particularly well in conjunction with --adjust-extension, although this coupling is not
enforced. It proves useful to populate Internet caches with files downloaded from different hosts.
Example: if some link points to //foo.com/bar.cgi?xyz with --adjust-extension asserted and its local
destination is intended to be ./foo.com/bar.cgi?xyz.css, then the link would be converted to
//foo.com/bar.cgi?xyz.css. Note that only the filename part has been modified. The rest of the URL
has been left untouched, including the net path ("//") which would otherwise be processed by Wget and
converted to the effective scheme (ie. "http://").
-K
--backup-converted
When converting a file, back up the original version with a .orig suffix. Affects the behavior of
-N.
-m
--mirror
Turn on options suitable for mirroring. This option turns on recursion and time-stamping, sets
infinite recursion depth and keeps FTP directory listings. It is currently equivalent to -r -N -l
inf --no-remove-listing.
-p
--page-requisites
This option causes Wget to download all the files that are necessary to properly display a given HTML
page. This includes such things as inlined images, sounds, and referenced stylesheets.
Ordinarily, when downloading a single HTML page, any requisite documents that may be needed to
display it properly are not downloaded. Using -r together with -l can help, but since Wget does not
ordinarily distinguish between external and inlined documents, one is generally left with "leaf
documents" that are missing their requisites.
For instance, say document 1.html contains an "<IMG>" tag referencing 1.gif and an "<A>" tag pointing
to external document 2.html. Say that 2.html is similar but that its image is 2.gif and it links to
3.html. Say this continues up to some arbitrarily high number.
If one executes the command:
wget -r -l 2 http://<site>/1.html
then 1.html, 1.gif, 2.html, 2.gif, and 3.html will be downloaded. As you can see, 3.html is without
its requisite 3.gif because Wget is simply counting the number of hops (up to 2) away from 1.html in
order to determine where to stop the recursion. However, with this command:
wget -r -l 2 -p http://<site>/1.html
all the above files and 3.html's requisite 3.gif will be downloaded. Similarly,
wget -r -l 1 -p http://<site>/1.html
will cause 1.html, 1.gif, 2.html, and 2.gif to be downloaded. One might think that:
wget -r -l 0 -p http://<site>/1.html
would download just 1.html and 1.gif, but unfortunately this is not the case, because -l 0 is
equivalent to -l inf---that is, infinite recursion. To download a single HTML page (or a handful of
them, all specified on the command-line or in a -i URL input file) and its (or their) requisites,
simply leave off -r and -l:
wget -p http://<site>/1.html
Note that Wget will behave as if -r had been specified, but only that single page and its requisites
will be downloaded. Links from that page to external documents will not be followed. Actually, to
download a single page and all its requisites (even if they exist on separate websites), and make
sure the lot displays properly locally, this author likes to use a few options in addition to -p:
wget -E -H -k -K -p http://<site>/<document>
To finish off this topic, it's worth knowing that Wget's idea of an external document link is any URL
specified in an "<A>" tag, an "<AREA>" tag, or a "<LINK>" tag other than "<LINK REL="stylesheet">".
--strict-comments
Turn on strict parsing of HTML comments. The default is to terminate comments at the first
occurrence of -->.
According to specifications, HTML comments are expressed as SGML declarations. Declaration is
special markup that begins with <! and ends with >, such as <!DOCTYPE ...>, that may contain comments
between a pair of -- delimiters. HTML comments are "empty declarations", SGML declarations without
any non-comment text. Therefore, <!--foo--> is a valid comment, and so is <!--one-- --two-->, but
<!--1--2--> is not.
On the other hand, most HTML writers don't perceive comments as anything other than text delimited
with <!-- and -->, which is not quite the same. For example, something like <!------------> works as
a valid comment as long as the number of dashes is a multiple of four (!). If not, the comment
technically lasts until the next --, which may be at the other end of the document. Because of this,
many popular browsers completely ignore the specification and implement what users have come to
expect: comments delimited with <!-- and -->.
Until version 1.9, Wget interpreted comments strictly, which resulted in missing links in many web
pages that displayed fine in browsers, but had the misfortune of containing non-compliant comments.
Beginning with version 1.9, Wget has joined the ranks of clients that implements "naive" comments,
terminating each comment at the first occurrence of -->.
If, for whatever reason, you want strict comment parsing, use this option to turn it on.
Recursive Accept/Reject Options
-A acclist --accept acclist
-R rejlist --reject rejlist
Specify comma-separated lists of file name suffixes or patterns to accept or reject. Note that if any
of the wildcard characters, *, ?, [ or ], appear in an element of acclist or rejlist, it will be
treated as a pattern, rather than a suffix. In this case, you have to enclose the pattern into
quotes to prevent your shell from expanding it, like in -A "*.mp3" or -A '*.mp3'.
--accept-regex urlregex
--reject-regex urlregex
Specify a regular expression to accept or reject the complete URL.
--regex-type regextype
Specify the regular expression type. Possible types are posix or pcre. Note that to be able to use
pcre type, wget has to be compiled with libpcre support.
-D domain-list
--domains=domain-list
Set domains to be followed. domain-list is a comma-separated list of domains. Note that it does not
turn on -H.
--exclude-domains domain-list
Specify the domains that are not to be followed.
--follow-ftp
Follow FTP links from HTML documents. Without this option, Wget will ignore all the FTP links.
--follow-tags=list
Wget has an internal table of HTML tag / attribute pairs that it considers when looking for linked
documents during a recursive retrieval. If a user wants only a subset of those tags to be
considered, however, he or she should be specify such tags in a comma-separated list with this
option.
--ignore-tags=list
This is the opposite of the --follow-tags option. To skip certain HTML tags when recursively looking
for documents to download, specify them in a comma-separated list.
In the past, this option was the best bet for downloading a single page and its requisites, using a
command-line like:
wget --ignore-tags=a,area -H -k -K -r http://<site>/<document>
However, the author of this option came across a page with tags like "<LINK REL="home" HREF="/">" and
came to the realization that specifying tags to ignore was not enough. One can't just tell Wget to
ignore "<LINK>", because then stylesheets will not be downloaded. Now the best bet for downloading a
single page and its requisites is the dedicated --page-requisites option.
--ignore-case
Ignore case when matching files and directories. This influences the behavior of -R, -A, -I, and -X
options, as well as globbing implemented when downloading from FTP sites. For example, with this
option, -A "*.txt" will match file1.txt, but also file2.TXT, file3.TxT, and so on. The quotes in the
example are to prevent the shell from expanding the pattern.
-H
--span-hosts
Enable spanning across hosts when doing recursive retrieving.
-L
--relative
Follow relative links only. Useful for retrieving a specific home page without any distractions, not
even those from the same hosts.
-I list
--include-directories=list
Specify a comma-separated list of directories you wish to follow when downloading. Elements of list
may contain wildcards.
-X list
--exclude-directories=list
Specify a comma-separated list of directories you wish to exclude from download. Elements of list
may contain wildcards.
-np
--no-parent
Do not ever ascend to the parent directory when retrieving recursively. This is a useful option,
since it guarantees that only the files below a certain hierarchy will be downloaded.
ENVIRONMENT
Wget supports proxies for both HTTP and FTP retrievals. The standard way to specify proxy location,
which Wget recognizes, is using the following environment variables:
http_proxy
https_proxy
If set, the http_proxy and https_proxy variables should contain the URLs of the proxies for HTTP and
HTTPS connections respectively.
ftp_proxy
This variable should contain the URL of the proxy for FTP connections. It is quite common that
http_proxy and ftp_proxy are set to the same URL.
no_proxy
This variable should contain a comma-separated list of domain extensions proxy should not be used
for. For instance, if the value of no_proxy is .mit.edu, proxy will not be used to retrieve
documents from MIT.
EXIT STATUS
Wget may return one of several error codes if it encounters problems.
0 No problems occurred.
1 Generic error code.
2 Parse error---for instance, when parsing command-line options, the .wgetrc or .netrc...
3 File I/O error.
4 Network failure.
5 SSL verification failure.
6 Username/password authentication failure.
7 Protocol errors.
8 Server issued an error response.
With the exceptions of 0 and 1, the lower-numbered exit codes take precedence over higher-numbered ones,
when multiple types of errors are encountered.
In versions of Wget prior to 1.12, Wget's exit status tended to be unhelpful and inconsistent. Recursive
downloads would virtually always return 0 (success), regardless of any issues encountered, and non-
recursive fetches only returned the status corresponding to the most recently-attempted download.
FILES
/etc/wgetrc
Default location of the global startup file.
.wgetrc
User startup file.
BUGS
You are welcome to submit bug reports via the GNU Wget bug tracker (see
<https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?func=additem&group=wget>) or to our mailing list <bug-wget@gnu.org>.
Visit <https://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/bug-wget> to get more info (how to subscribe, list
archives, ...).
Before actually submitting a bug report, please try to follow a few simple guidelines.
1. Please try to ascertain that the behavior you see really is a bug. If Wget crashes, it's a bug. If
Wget does not behave as documented, it's a bug. If things work strange, but you are not sure about
the way they are supposed to work, it might well be a bug, but you might want to double-check the
documentation and the mailing lists.
2. Try to repeat the bug in as simple circumstances as possible. E.g. if Wget crashes while downloading
wget -rl0 -kKE -t5 --no-proxy http://example.com -o /tmp/log, you should try to see if the crash is
repeatable, and if will occur with a simpler set of options. You might even try to start the
download at the page where the crash occurred to see if that page somehow triggered the crash.
Also, while I will probably be interested to know the contents of your .wgetrc file, just dumping it
into the debug message is probably a bad idea. Instead, you should first try to see if the bug
repeats with .wgetrc moved out of the way. Only if it turns out that .wgetrc settings affect the
bug, mail me the relevant parts of the file.
3. Please start Wget with -d option and send us the resulting output (or relevant parts thereof). If
Wget was compiled without debug support, recompile it---it is much easier to trace bugs with debug
support on.
Note: please make sure to remove any potentially sensitive information from the debug log before
sending it to the bug address. The "-d" won't go out of its way to collect sensitive information,
but the log will contain a fairly complete transcript of Wget's communication with the server, which
may include passwords and pieces of downloaded data. Since the bug address is publicly archived, you
may assume that all bug reports are visible to the public.
4. If Wget has crashed, try to run it in a debugger, e.g. "gdb `which wget` core" and type "where" to
get the backtrace. This may not work if the system administrator has disabled core files, but it is
safe to try.
SEE ALSO
This is not the complete manual for GNU Wget. For more complete information, including more detailed
explanations of some of the options, and a number of commands available for use with .wgetrc files and
the -e option, see the GNU Info entry for wget.
Also see wget2(1), the updated version of GNU Wget with even better support for recursive downloading and
modern protocols like HTTP/2.
AUTHOR
Originally written by Hrvoje Nikšić <hniksic@xemacs.org>. Currently maintained by Darshit Shah
<darnir@gnu.org> and Tim Rühsen <tim.ruehsen@gmx.de>.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 1996--2011, 2015, 2018--2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is
included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
GNU Wget 1.21.2 2024-06-19 WGET(1)